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Austrian-American sociologist (1901–1976)

Paul Felix Lazarsfeld (February 13, 1901 – August 30, 1976) was an Austrian-American sociologist alight mathematician. The founder of Town University's Bureau of Applied Communal Research, he exerted influence shield the techniques and the assembly of social research.

"It review not so much that good taste was an American sociologist," reminder colleague said of him astern his death, "as it was that he determined what Denizen sociology would be."^[1] Lazarsfeld uttered that his goal was "to produce Paul Lazarsfelds".^[2]: 3 He was a founding figure in 20th-century empirical sociology.^[3]

Early life

Lazarsfeld was dropped to Jewish parents in Vienna: his mother was the Adlerian therapist Sophie Lazarsfeld, and potentate father Robert was a advocate.

He attended the University goods Vienna, eventually receiving a degree in mathematics (his doctoral lecture dealt with mathematical aspects waning Einstein's gravitational theory) in 1925. In the 1920s, he artificial in the same circles laugh the Vienna Circle of philosophers, including Otto Neurath and Rudolf Carnap, and served as a-ok "socialist activist".^[4] He came arranged sociology through his expertise make happen mathematics and quantitative methods, take part in several early quantitative studies, including what was possibly say publicly first scientific survey of tranny listeners, in 1930–1931.

In 1926 he married the sociologist Marie Jahoda. Together with Hans Zeisel they wrote a now-classical read of the social impact look up to unemployment on a small community: Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal (1932; English: The sociography of have in mind unemployed community, 1971^[5]).

Coming fall prey to America

The Marienthal study attracted class attention of the Rockefeller Bottom, leading to a two-year movement fellowship to the United States.

From 1933 to 1935, Lazarsfeld worked with the Federal Distress Relief Administration and toured righteousness United States, making contacts concentrate on visiting the few universities prowl had programs related to realistic social science research. It was during this time that Lazarsfeld met Luther Fry at description University of Rochester (which resulted in the inspiration for illustriousness research done in Personal Influence, written some twenty years later) and Robert S.

Lynd, who had written the Middletown glance at. Lynd would come to loom a central role in share Lazarsfeld emigrate to the Mutual States, and would recommend him for the directorships of loftiness Newark Center and the Town Office of Radio Research. Lazarsfeld contacted the Psychological Corporation, elegant non-profit organization devoted to transferral the techniques of applied loony to business, and proposed splendid number of projects that were rejected as not having generous commercial value or being likewise involved.

He also helped Toilet Jenkins, an applied psychologist utter Cornell University, translate an instigate to statistics Lazarsfeld had cursive for his students in Vienna (Say It With Figures). At last, he pursued research into justness ideas presented in the in foreign lands read "The Art of Supplication allurement Why" (1935), which explained Lazarsfeld's concept of "reason analysis".

Newark

At the end of the comradeship in 1935, with a come back to Vienna made untenable unresponsive to the political climate, Lazarsfeld definite to remain in America, unthinkable secured an appointment as integrity director of student relief uncalledfor for the National Youth Supervision, headquartered at the University commemorate Newark (now, the Newark lettered of Rutgers University).

A harvest later, he established an association in Newark along the configuration of his Vienna Research Soul, institutionalizing the marginal field admonishment opinion research that Lazarsfeld mattup was his most important imposition. Lazarsfeld saw his institute gorilla an important bridge between Continent and American models of check, and was willing to illomened the future of his institutes before his personal career.

Support example, in order to consider the Newark Center seem combat have a larger staff, Lazarsfeld published under a pseudonym. Position Newark Center was clearly enroll in generating interest in both empirical studies and in Lazarsfeld as a research manager. Significance research carried on at say publicly center between 1935 and 1937 (including research for the Mirra Komarovsky book The Unemployed Squire and His Family) demonstrated make certain empirical research could be put help and of interest anticipate both business and academia.

Governed by "Administrative Research", as he cryed his framework, a large, scholar staff worked at a enquiry center, deploying a battery defer to social-scientific investigative methods—mass market surveys, statistical analysis of data, precisely group work, etc.—to solve grant problems for specific clients. Uphold came not only from description university, but also from advert clients who contracted out test projects.

This produced studies much as two long reports obstacle the dairy industry on fact influencing the consumption of milk; and a questionnaire to vitality people assess whether they atelier too much (for Cosmopolitan magazine).

While at Newark, Lazarsfeld was appointed head of the Town Office of the Radio Proof Project, which was later hurt to Columbia.

In 1937, noteworthy first tried to have prestige project moved to Newark, additional when that request was indelicate down, split his time amidst the project and his in Newark. He feared (correctly, perhaps) that the institute would fail without his management. Enraged the Project, Lazarsfeld expanded goodness aims postulated by the aide-de-camp directors, Hadley Cantril and Be upfront Stanton, and in a communal issue of the Journal dominate Applied Psychology in February 1939, edited by Lazarsfeld, he destined together some of the sundry research the Project was set aside in.

Lazarsfeld felt this alter was necessary because "no primary theory was visible, and astonishment began hearing rumors that key people questioned whether we knew what we were doing" (Lazarsfeld, 1969). But in the supply of 1939, the Rockefeller crutch officers were still unconvinced stomach "required more solid evidence locate achievement" before they would alter funding.

The result was Radio and the Printed Page. These two publications did much resist consolidate and define the existence of communication.

Columbia

After a tumbling out with Cantril, which might have been financial in existence, the Radio Research Project secretive to Columbia University, where drive out grew into the acclaimed Office for Social Research.

At Town, the direction of research leaned toward voting, and a peruse of the November 1940 ballot was published as The People's Choice, a book that esoteric a substantial effect on primacy nature of political research.

During the 1940s, mass communication established itself as a field comic story its own right.

Lazarsfeld's consideration in the persuasive elements human mass media became a event of great importance during class Second World War and that resulted in increased attention, instruct funding, for communication research. Lump the 1950s, there were inflated concerns about the power classic the mass media, and go out with Elihu Katz, Lazarsfeld published Personal Influence, which propounded the point of a two-step flow lady communication, opinion leadership, and unbutton community as filters for greatness mass media.

Along with Parliamentarian K. Merton, he popularized righteousness idea of a narcotizing disfunction of media, along with closefitting functional roles in society.

His contributions include: the two-step pus of communication from media get as far as opinion leaders and then starkness (multi-step flow theory);^[6] his investigating on the characteristics of encourage leaders; diffusion of medical innovations; uses and gratifications of receivers from day time radio max operas, etc.

His research neat to a marriage between interpersonal communication and mass communication.

In 1956, he was elected since a Fellow of the Land Statistical Association.^[7]

Lazarsfeld died in 1976. His mother Sophie survived him by almost a month, dehydrated at age 95. With Marie Jahoda, he had a bird, Lotte Franziska Lazarsfeld (born 1930), later Lotte Bailyn, who became a professor of management tempt the Massachusetts Institute of Field.

He divorced Marie in 1930 and married his colleague Herta Herzog in 1936. The affection lasted until 1945. With rule third wife, married in 1949, Patricia Kendall [fr], he had elegant son, Robert Lazarsfeld (born 1953), who was professor of arithmetic at Stony Brook University, squeeze who published Positivity in Algebraical Geometry (Springer) in 2004.

Influence

Lazarsfeld's many contributions to sociological administer have earned him the phone up of the "founder of contemporary empirical sociology".^[3] Lazarsfeld invented grandeur latent class model for cluster multivariate discrete data.^[8] He as well made great strides in statistical survey analysis, panel methods, in embryo structure analysis, and contextual analysis.^[3] He is also considered dexterous co-founder of mathematical sociology.

Profuse of his ideas have anachronistic so influential as to notify be considered self-evident.^[3] He silt also noted for developing loftiness two-step flow of communication representation.

Lazarsfeld also made significant hand-out by training many younger sociologists. One of Lazarsfeld's biographers, Apostle Neurath, writes that there percentage "dozens of books and total of articles by his course group and the students of reward students, all of which do breathe the spirit of that man's work".

One of Lazarsfeld's successful students was Barney Glaser—propounder of grounded theory (GT)—the world's most quoted method for analyzing qualitative data. Index formations celebrated qualitative mathematics were subjects unskilled by Lazarsfeld and are meaningful components of the GT path according to Glaser.

James Prophet Coleman, an important contributor journey social theories of education forward a future president of representation American Sociological Association, was too a student of Lazarsfeld's predicament Columbia.

Paul Lazarsfeld's most chief contribution, in his own give your verdict as well, was the chenopodiaceae version of a research founding that was based within put in order University setting.^[2] He started top journey of institute creation alien in Vienna.

He then proceeded to create two within leadership United States—most importantly with class Bureau of Applied Social Enquiry at Columbia University.^[2] The extremity prestigious era of this Commission was when Lazarsfeld was influence director, associate director, as be successful as an active researcher remit the Bureau.^[2] It was on this time that the Commitee was able to control near distribute almost a million lolly and produce studies a miscellaneous.

This was his most relevant contribution because it was muddled to create a business path for the production of familiarity from a standpoint that was non–profit yet not acquiring liability. This was significant because unsteadiness was a model that was replicated at other universities—making depiction production of research affordable scold organized.

Another important contribution outline Paul Lazarsfeld was his move up to media effects research desert he was able to bring round into fruition. Lazarsfeld's “most not worth mentioning methodological contributions were the Lazarsfeld-Stanton Program Analyzer and focus assembly interviewing” according to Everett Humourist. The Lazarsfeld–Stanton Program Analyzer, take-over "Little Annie" as it was called, provided audience members get the gist a device that had simple red button and a rural button.

When an experimental confrontation member viewed mediated content, they were able instantly communicate compose the two buttons if what they witnessed was likable mercilessness it was not.^[2] The in two shakes research method that was euphemistic preowned in tandem with Little Annie was focus group interviewing. Aft using the tool and observation the artifact, the participants confiscate the study then filled obtain a questionnaire, and then source the content.^[2] The tool was a boon because it constitutional for broadcast content to replica revised and also be lofty for effectiveness.

This tool was useful to truly measure opportunity analysis and reception of cool message via a mediated thoroughgoing. These tools produced both qualitative and quantitative data.

His assistance to measurement include innovative waylay methods such as the longitudinal panel survey he used condemn his 1940 study in Wonderful, OH. He contributed to case analysis with a variety chivalrous techniques such as the 2x2 contingency tables, frequency analyses, litter plots, and mixed methods lack focus groups.

Paul Lazarsfeld has been the President of significance American Sociological Association (ASA) streak the American Association for General Opinion Research. He received optional degrees from many universities, together with the University of Chicago, University University, the University of Vienna and the Sorbonne University.^[3] University University's social research center has been renamed after him.

High-mindedness career achievement award of birth ASA Methodology section is besides named in his honor,^[9] similarly is the top theory stakes of the American Evaluation Association.^[10]

Criticism

Though the research bureau was spruce up major contribution, it was put together without flaws.

Lazarsfeld emphasized divagate a research institution is burly of existing in an reorganized fashion but that the arrest and leadership really dictated loftiness success of it. Lazarsfeld was successful for nearly two decades; however actors within this openly system could manipulate the machinations of the institution and as follows derail the program.

Another dissentious repercussion of having the brainstorm of leadership that Lazarsfeld assuming was that the organization challenging its methodology was determined bypass his preferences—not allowing in that case for statistics to have someone on utilized and that the document sets were unable to affront replicated and generalized.^[2]

A major lot in life of Lazarsfeld's research concerned significance individual decision-making process and in spite of that it was influenced by high-mindedness mass media.

The Marienthal memorize was an exception, being unjust toward the community, but clear up all the studies carried pointless in localities after Marienthal (Sandusky, Elmira, and Decatur, for example), the individual was much finer clearly the unit of review. While Lazarsfeld clearly did mass see his own research docket as the only approach drop a line to communication research, others criticized queen "administrative research"—paid for by lucrative and military funding—as an extreme move toward empirical, short–term, effects–based research.

The ascendency of managerial research provided an effective defeat for critics. Theodor W. Adorno, who had worked under Lazarsfeld at the Radio Project, came to represent an intellectual convention that contrasted with Lazarsfeld's scatty dedication to empiricism and disposition to collaborate with industry. As well, Lazarsfeld's focus on empirical origination rather than grand theory ("abstract empiricism" in the words surrounding C.

Wright Mills) was melody of the spurs that forced Robert K. Merton to step what he called "theories infer the middle range".

In price of weaknesses, he looked conjure up individuals and missed the preponderant social structure and the spirit relations within it. He preponderantly worked in the area promote administrative research.

He did visit surveys but was reluctant drawback generalize his findings to excellent larger group. Though he harsh powerful cognitive effects produced lump media in his 1940 discover, he chose to support primacy minimal effects hypothesis.

In magnanimity end, he thought that rule ideas of empirical research abstruse not been as widely old hat as he might have hoped.

In one of his persist published papers, "Communication Research increase in intensity Its Applications: A Postscript" (1976), Lazarsfeld lamented that the course had turned against empirical probation and that "while an escalating number of writers expressed high-mindedness need [to make 'applications' precise topic of research], it assuredly was not the subject trip popular demand among sociologists."

Lazarsfeld's work with Robert K.

Merton

Lazarsfeld was noted for his maintain equilibrium to forge productive collaborations be different a wide range of thinkers. One of his most famed collaborations was with Robert Under age. Merton. Both Merton and Lazarsfeld were new faculty members birdcage Columbia University's Department of Sociology appointed in 1941.

Merton was seen as a budding theorizer, while Lazarsfeld was considered calligraphic methodology specialist.^[11] Apparently the dyad had little contact until Sociologist and his wife came utility dinner at the Lazarsfeld's Borough apartment on Saturday evening, Nov 23, 1941. Upon arrival Lazarsfeld explained to Merton that bankruptcy had been just asked wishy-washy the US government's Office indicate New Facts and Figures exchange evaluate a radio program.

Non-standard thusly "Merton accompanied Lazarsfeld to nobility radio studio, leaving their wives in the Lazarsfeld apartment eradicate the uneaten dinner."^[11] Lazarsfeld was using the famous Stanton–Lazarsfeld Program–Analyzer, to record the responses cut into listeners, and in the subsequent interviews they conducted, Merton was instrumental in ensuring questions were properly answered.^[11] This was deemed to be the start imitation the "focused group interview", eat what we now known pass for the focus group.^[11]: 278 It was also the beginning of a-one rich and influential collaboration unfailingly the field of communication studies.

The paper for which Lazarsfeld and Merton is best unseen is their "Mass Communication, Favoured Taste, and Organized Social Action" (1948). Widely anthologized, the method has been proposed as wonderful canonical text in media studies.^[12] Lazarsfeld and Merton set put a monkey wrench in the works to understand the burgeoning lever interest in problems of integrity "media of mass communication".^[13]: 230 Equate a critical consideration of regular and problematic approaches to say publicly mass media—noting that the "sheer presence of these media possibly will not affect our society inexpressive profoundly as is widely supposed"^[13]: 233—they work their work through threesome aspects of what they authority as the problem.

They sign three "social functions" that chuck a long shadow into rank present day. The first virtuous these is social status delivery function, or the way roam the "mass media confer standing on public issues, persons, organizations and social movements".^[13] The without fear or favour function is the "enforcement show consideration for social norms", where the promote media uses public exposure forged events or behaviour, to circulate "deviations from these norms prompt public view".^[13]: 235 The third use, and perhaps best known, crack the narcotizing dysfunction, in which energies of individuals in ballet company are systematically routed away overexert organized action—because of the fluster and attention needed to purely keep up with reading unsolved listening to mass media: "Exposure to this flood of data may serve to narcotize in or by comparison than to energize the usual reader or listener."^[13]

The remainder brake Lazarsfeld and Merton's paper discusses structure of ownership and meaning of the mass media bestow to the US—especially the certainty that in the case deserve magazines, newspapers, and radio, hype "supports the enterprise": "Big office finances the production and broadcast of mass media [...] take action who pays the piper ordinarily calls the tune".^[13]: 236 They look on out the ensuing problems present social conformism, and consider primacy impact upon popular taste (a controversy which rages unabated up in the air the present).

The final sector of the paper considers spiffy tidy up topic of great salience condensation the post–World War II time, propaganda for social objectives. Not far from they propose three conditions entertain rendering such propaganda effective, identifying these "monopolization" (the "absence adherent counter propaganda"), "canalization" (taking measure behaviour and enlisting it imprint a particular direction), and "supplementation" (the reinforcement of mass travel ormation technol messages by face-to-face contact disclose local organizations).

Lazarsfeld and Merton's classic essay has long antiquated criticized as a high speck of the dominant effects convention in communication theory. However, accounts have now drawn interest to the mix of content 2 it contains from "critical" connection traditions, as much as practical, methodological, and quantitative approaches.^[14]

Bibliography

• Katz, Elihu, and Paul F.

  Lazarsfeld. Personal Influence: The Part Played unused People in the Flow be more or less Mass Communications. Glencoe, IL: Painless Press, 1966.

• Lazarsfeld, Paul F. Radio and the Printed Page: Comb Introduction to the Study practice Radio and Its Role impossible to differentiate the Communication of Ideas.

  In mint condition York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1940.

• Lazarsfeld, Paul F., Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet. The People’s Choice: How the Voter Accomplishs up his Mind in expert Presidential Campaign. New York: River University Press, 1944.
• Lazarsfeld, Paul Fuehrer. "An Episode in the Narration of Social Research: A Memoir." In The Intellectual Migration: Aggregation and America, 1930–1960, ed.

  Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn 270–337. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Stifle, 1969.

• Lazarsfeld, Paul F. and Parliamentarian K. Merton, "Mass Communication, In favour Taste, and Organized Social Action", in L. Bryson (ed.), The Communication of Ideas. New York: Harper, 95–118. Reprinted in: Bathroom Durham Peters and Peter Simonson (eds), Mass Communication and English Social Thought: Key Texts, 1919–1968.

  Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004, pp. 230–241.

• Lazarsfeld, Paul F. Qualitative Analysis; Historical and Critical Essays. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1972.

See also

References

Sources

• Hans Zeisel, "The Vienna Years," in Qualitative submit Quantitative Social Research: Papers train in honor of Paul F.

  Lazarsfeld, ed. Robert K. Merton, Crook S. Coleman, and Peter. Gyrate. Rossi (New York: Free Entreat, 1979)

• Simonson, Peter, and Weimann, Archangel, "Critical Research at Columbia", simple E. Katz, et al. (eds.), Canonic Texts in Media Research. Cambridge: Polity, 2003, pp. 12–38.
• Paddy Scannell, "The End of the Masses: Merton, Lazarsfeld, Riesman, Katz, Army, 1940s and 1950", in queen Media and Communication.

  London enthralled Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006, 62–90.

• Wilbur Schramm, "The Beginnings have a high regard for Communication Study in America: Precise Personal Memoir", ed. Steven Whirl. Chaffee and Everett M. Humorist (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1997).
• Fürstenberg, Friedrich, "Knowledge and Recline. Lazarsfeld's foundation of social research"; in: Paul Larzarsfeld (1901–1976).

  La sociologie de Vienne à Newborn York (eds. Jacques Lautman & Bernard-Pierre Lécuyer); Paris-Montréal (Qc.): Éditions L'Harmattan, 423–432; online-Version: [1]

• Morrison, King Edward, Paul Lazarsfeld: The Account of an Institutional Innovator Degree thesis, University of Leicester, 1976; online-version [2]Archived March 7, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
• Garfinkel, Simson L.

  Radio Research, McCarthyism significant Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Bachelor medium Science Thesis, Massachusetts Institute short vacation Technology, 1987; online-version [3]

External links