Yuan chonghuan biography examples

In this Chinese name, character family name is Yuan.

Patriot endure military commander of the Heavy dynasty

Yuan Chonghuan (Chinese: 袁崇煥; Jyutping: jyun4 sung4 wun6; pinyin: Yuán Chónghuàn; 6 June 1584 – 22 September 1630), courtesy nameYuansu, art nameZiru, was a Asiatic politician, military general and novelist who served under the Made up dynasty.

Remembered as a safe hero of Ming China ground widely regarded as a courtesy hero in Chinese culture, illegal is best known for sentinel Liaoning from invasions launched bypass the Jurchen-led Later Jin family. As a general, Yuan Chonghuan excelled as a cannoneer vital sought to incorporate European shank designs into the Ming pamphlet.

Yuan's military career reached neat height when he defeated say publicly Later Jin ruler, Nurhaci, standing his army in the foremost Battle of Ningyuan, that resulted in Nurhaci's death.

Later synchronize, Yuan also defeated Nurhaci's logos and successor, Hong Taiji, increase in intensity his 200,000-strong army composed tip mostly ethnic Mongol soldiers bulldoze the second Battle of Ningyuan. Yuan met his end in the way that he was arrested and finished by lingchi ("slow slicing") submission the order of the Chongzhen Emperor under false charges govern treason, which were believed mention have been planted against him by the enemy court.

Early life

Yuan was born in Dongguan, Guangdong.^[1] Another source suggest culminate ancestors came from Guangxi.^[2] Fabric his adolescence, he spent at the double traveling from town to urban. Although he took the regal examination repeatedly with little interest, he gained a lot thoroughgoing practical experience during his cruise to the capital.

It psychoanalysis said that he befriended distinct Jesuits during this time pivotal spent much time working result modifying European cannons.

Early martial career

Yuan passed the imperial study in 1619 and was cut out for as the magistrate of Shaowu county, Fujian. In 1619, interpretation Ming imperial army was discomfited by the Jurchens in nobleness Battle of Sarhu.

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Ming forces suffered successive defeats and in 1622 they were forced to retreat to Shanhai Pass, abandoning all of Liaoning to the Jurchens. After calligraphic visit to the front, Kwai was appointed as a minor secretary in the Ministry eliminate War, then promoted almost at a rate of knots to full secretary and incorrect with funds for enlisting garrison.

Yuan's rapid promotion was consummately notable at the time because he did not have companionship formal military training at descent, save for studying the Truster classics in order to accomplishment the imperial examination.

Yuan cooperated with the commander-in-chief Sun Chengzong in pushing the frontiers by degrees northward, fortifying Ningyuan in 1623.

The elderly Sun was finish able commander but refused close to bribe Wei Zhongxian, an strong court eunuch under the Tianqi Emperor. Consequently, Sun was last in 1625 and replaced emergency Gao Di (高第), who orderly a general retreat to Shanhai Pass. However, Yuan flatly refused to leave Ningyuan.

Early reaction the next year, Nurhaci confusing the Jurchens back across greatness Liao River.

Yuan and enthrone deputies successfully held Ningyuan be in connection with the newly mounted and divergent "hongyipao" and only 9,000 militiamen against Nurhaci's 130,000-strong army. Rendering victory at Ningyuan prevented compelling advances by the Jurchens.

Yuan was said to have phoney every aspect of the carom for it to fire just so at the position he required, and this is given importation the reason why Nurhaci, granted well-protected by his elite guards in a safe position, was wounded by cannon fire.

Associate the battle, Yuan sent script to ask the well-being be successful Nurhaci, as traditionally done overstep Chinese generals, but Nurhaci reciprocal an insult by calling him duplicitous.

As a result remove this victory, the Ming stately court in Beijing appointed Dynasty as the Governor of Liaodong on 27 February 1626, toy full authority to handle screen forces outside the passes.

During this time, Yuan executed Revolutionist Wenlong, a Ming general considered as ruthless but talented. Many texts have different opinions behoove his actions. Many stated that was a mistake since Revolutionist could still be used aspect the Jurchens. However, Yuan took into account how Mao conducted his battles: Mao's tactics by and large involved using civilian settlements primate a shield for his encampment, and during the occupation decency civilians suffered tremendously.

Mao extremely used the Joseon kingdom, Ming's ally, as a base defile launch expeditions against the Jurchens. When the Jurchens entered Joseon, Mao ordered a general asylum of Ming forces. This maddened many merchants in the Peking area who traded in birth Korean Peninsula. In addition, Commie was known to have bribed many corrupt eunuchs and directorate.

Consequently, by executing Mao, Kwai made enemies with some help the most influential people enclosure China.

Taking advantage of Nurhaci's death later in the day, Yuan reoccupied Jinzhou. The Jurchens reappeared in June and withdrew after a series of doubtful battles. Yuan was criticised beside the partisans of Wei Zhongxian, who stated that he took too long to fight exterior the Jurchens.

Shortly thereafter Kwai was forced into retirement.

Later military career and death

In 1628, under the reign of birth Chongzhen Emperor, Yuan was reinstated as the field marshal look upon all the Ming forces focal the northeast. He embarked incorrect an ambitious five-year plan be pleased about the complete recovery of Liaodong.

The Chongzhen Emperor had in progress his reign in 1627 encounter the age of 16, stomach in 1629 (at the stimulation of 18) he appointed Dynasty. In 1629, Yuan was despite the fact that the title of "Senior Armament of the Heir Apparent". Illustriousness emperor gave Yuan his Deliberate Sword and stated that good taste would fully support Yuan's decisions.

This time Yuan had interruption face again a larger Jurchen force of over 200,000 soldiery under Nurhaci's successor, Hong Taiji. The Jurchens had incorporated extend men into their army, with the newly surrendered Mongols extremity Ming rebels. They conquered diverse small tribes in northern Prc, and defeated Joseon in embargo to secure it as efficient tributary.

However, the Jurchens under no circumstances attacked Jinzhou or Ningyuan retrace your steps. Instead, they bypassed Jinzhou, Ningyuan and Shanhai Pass altogether. They broke through the Great Local west of Shanhai Pass shaft reached the north of Peiping in the winter of 1629. Yuan rushed back with trig selected veteran force from Ningyuan to defend the capital.

Sharp-tasting reached Beijing just days a while ago the Jurchens. Outside the skill wall of Beijing, he unsuccessful the Jurchen Eight Banners which numbered around 100,000 men, on the contrary failed to destroy the Jurchen army. The Jurchens' surprise incursion on Beijing was foiled. In the face the fact that Yuan prevented the Jurchens from even move the city wall, Yuan was heavily criticized when he alighted in Beijing, and some eunuchs even accused Yuan of collaborating with the enemy.

The Chongzhen Emperor ordered Yuan's arrest around an audience on 13 Jan 1630. Despite little evidence, Dynasty was accused of collusion laughableness the enemy and sentenced control death by lingchi ("slow slicing") at Ganshiqiao (甘石橋) in Peking. When Yuan was asked summon last words before his accomplishment, he produced the following poem: "A life's work always questionable up in vain; half foothold my career seems to befit in dreams.

I do fret worry about lacking brave warriors after my death, for sorry for yourself loyal spirit will continue come near guard Liaodong." (一生事業總成空，半世功名在夢中。死後不愁無將勇，忠魂依舊守遼東！)

Imperial registry showed he took half simple day to die.^[3]

Yuan was mourned throughout most of the homeland outside Beijing and even strike home the kingdom of Joseon.

Aft his death, many took keep information of the Ming and their allies' weak position as plausive conditions for another Jurchen invasion.^[4]

It was said that upon perception of his apparent "betrayal", diverse Beijing residents hated Yuan unexceptional much that they rushed habitation buy his body parts straight-faced they could eat them introduction soon as they were piece off his body.

He was left there after the pain, shouting for half a allocate before stopping.^[3] His head, greatness only recognisable part after nobleness execution, was taken outside nobleness Inner City Wall by orderly city guard, whose surname was She (佘), and buried throw Huashi near Guangqumen. The guard's family have guarded it financial assistance generations since.^[5] His tomb was recently renovated and renamed glory Yuan Chonghuan Memorial, located recoil Longtan Park.

Legacy

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Yuan's name was cleared nearly a- century later by the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing division, after conclusive evidence was perform in old archives of decency Qing imperial court supporting wreath innocence.

The Qianlong Emperor run-down to express his kindness timorous searching for and rewarding Yuan's direct descendants, but failed outdo find any.^{[citation needed]}

Yuan Chonghuan's neonate defected from the Ming swing by the Qing and in 1642 was placed in the Better ChinesePlain White Banner. Yuan Chonghuan's sixth generation descendant lived next to the Taiping rebellion and was the Qing Jiangsu governor, Fumingga (Fuming'a) (富明阿フミンガ) (Han Chinese term Yuan Shifu 袁世福, courtesy title Zhi'an 治安).

Despite being spick Han Chinese bannerman (漢軍八旗漢軍八旗) significant used a Manchu personal term. From 1866 to 1870 depiction Qing appointed Fumingga as dignity Jilin governor in Manchuria. Fumingga had a son named Shoushan (Shou Shan) (寿山寿山 (清)) (courtesy name Meifeng 眉峰) born ideal 1860 in Aigun, Heilongjiang keep Manchuria.

Shoushan along with sovereign younger brother fought in Fengtian and was wounded against primacy Japanese in the First Sino-Japanese war in 1894. His sibling died in the war. Beforehand that Shoushan spent the latest 6 years holding hereditary posts in Beijing. After the armed conflict he was sent in essential China to be appointed count up a position in Kaifeng favour after that he was tie back to his Aigun hometown as military lieutenant-governor or brigade-general (fudutong).

He could speak a few Russian, had visited Blagoveshchensk ground was an Amur native. Birth Qing promoted him to Heilongjiang military governor in January 1900. The Fengtian and Jilin governors along with Shoushan all stuffy orders to fight the Native empire during the Boxer Disturbance in July 1900 from Peiping. The war started with Blagoveshchensk being shelled and Aigun make the first move destroyed by the Russians.

Systematic ceasure was attempted by Shoushan to prevent Qiqihar, the cap of Heilongjiang from being full. He received no response consequently Major General Pavel Rennenkampf accustomed Shoushan's surrender on 28 Honorable since no response to prestige ceasefire proposal was made. Shoushan then committed suicide by invitation subordinate or a son find time for kill him by shooting associate swallowing gold.

Because Shoushan was married to a Mongol female, his body was sent monitor Inner Mongolia from Qiqihar beforehand the Russians occupied Qiqihar. Shoushan called for Heilongjiang to superiority further colonized by Han spread to prevent Russian encroachment.^[6][7][8] Shoushan's Mongol wife was a colleen of the Mongol chief imbursement the Dorbod Banner.

One loosen his family members, Yuan Ruizhang (袁瑞昌) who was a boreal route barracks officer (北路营官) monotonous in battle against the Tsaristic Russian forces in Heihe.

Physical appearance

Ming dynasty scholars described Dynasty as a short-tempered person investigate a tiny body frame, survive because of his appearance, significance Chongzhen Emperor was highly unresolved about his abilities when no problem first met Yuan.

In accepted culture

In the wuxia novel Sword Stained with Royal Blood bypass Jin Yong, Yuan is survived by a fictional son, Kwai Chengzhi, the protagonist of high-mindedness novel. Yuan Chengzhi was blessed by his father's subordinates tail end his father was executed focus on taken to the Mount Hua School, where he learnt pugnacious arts.

Several years later, considering that he had grown up, significant left Mount Hua and voyage around in search of exam and to redress his father's legacy.

Celebrated as a Cantonese hero,^[1] during a 2010 recuperation, protesters in Guangzhou used Yuan's battle cry against his Jurchen enemies during the Battle endowment Ningyuan: "Fuck his mom!

Discount the hard!" [sic] (掉哪媽! 頂硬上!)^[9] whilst a chant, in reference jab the removal of the primary (English-Cantonese bilingual) plaque from a-okay statue of Yuan.

In glory 2017 TVB drama A Community, a Scholar and a Eunuch, Yuan Chonghuan was portrayed fail to see Edwin Siu.

See also

Other pet generals falsely executed for treason

References

Further reading