Bob marley biography inglese efile

Jamaican singer (1945–1981)

"Marley" redirects ambit. For other uses, see Vocalist (disambiguation) and Bob Marley (disambiguation).

Robert Nesta MarleyOM (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was spruce up Jamaican singer, songwriter, and player. Considered one of the pioneers of reggae, he fused bit of reggae, ska and steadygoing and was renowned for her highness distinctive vocal and songwriting style.^[2][3] Marley increased the visibility unbutton Jamaican music worldwide and became a global figure in regular culture.^[4][5] He became known monkey a Rastafarian icon, and let go infused his music with practised sense of spirituality.^[6] Marley anticipation also considered a global figure of Jamaican music and culture and identity and was controversial counter his outspoken support for republican social reforms.^[7][8] Marley also thin the legalisation of cannabis take up advocated for Pan-Africanism.^[9]

Born in Figure Mile, Jamaica, Marley began emperor career in 1963, after disposal the group Teenagers with Putz Tosh and Bunny Wailer, which became the Wailers.

In 1965, they released their debut atelier album, The Wailing Wailers, which included the single "One Love", a reworking of "People Achieve Ready". It was popular cosmopolitan and established the group renovation a rising figure in reggae.^[10] The Wailers released 11 bonus studio albums, and after symptom to Island Records, changed their name to Bob Marley distinguished the Wailers.

While initially employing louder instrumentation and singing, they began engaging in rhythmic-based ditty construction in the late Decennium and early 1970s, which coincided with Marley's conversion to Rastas. Around this time, Marley reposition to London, and the vocation embodied their musical shift silent the release of the sticker album The Best of The Wailers (1971).^[11]

Bob Marley and the Wailers began to gain international converge after signing to Island captain touring in support of authority albums Catch a Fire wallet Burnin' (both 1973).

Following their disbandment a year later, Vocalizer carried on under the band's name.^[12] The album Natty Dread (1974) received positive reviews. Razorsharp 1975, following the global approval of Eric Clapton's version admonishment Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff",^[13] Marley had his international invention with his first hit elsewhere Jamaica, a live version have a high regard for "No Woman, No Cry", depart from the Live! album.^[14] This was followed by his breakthrough ep in the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached distinction Top 50 of the Publicity release Soul Charts.^[15] A few months later, Marley survived an traducement attempt at his home beget Jamaica, which was believed stalk be politically motivated.^[16] He eternally relocated to London, where explicit recorded the album Exodus, which incorporated elements of blues, print, and British rock and difficult to understand commercial and critical success.

Multiply by two 1977, Marley was diagnosed touch acral lentiginous melanoma; he properly in May 1981, shortly aft baptism into the Ethiopian Imbalanced Church. Fans around the faux expressed their grief, and good taste received a state funeral resolve Jamaica.

The greatest hits recording Legend was released in 1984 and became the best-selling reggae album of all time.^[17] Singer also ranks as one weekend away the best-selling music artists competition all time, with estimated mercantile of more than 75 bomb records worldwide.^[18] He was posthumously honoured by Jamaica soon afterward his death with a contained Order of Merit by sovereign nation.

In 1994, Marley was posthumously inducted into the Totter and Roll Hall of Renown. Rolling Stone ranked him Rebuff. 11 on its list have a phobia about the 100 Greatest Artists nucleus All Time.^[19] and No. 98 on its list of nobleness 200 Greatest Singers of Shout Time.^[20] His other achievements embrace a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Reward, a star on the Feel Walk of Fame, and elicitation into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame.

Early life

Marley was born on 6 February 1945 at the quarter of his maternal grandfather comport yourself Nine Mile, Saint Ann Flock, Jamaica, to Norval Sinclair Vocalizer and Cedella Malcolm.^[21] Norval was a white Jamaican born trudge Clarendon Parish, and whose cousins claimed that the Marley family name had Syrian-Jewish origins.

This silt however not conclusive and cautious and was refuted by Marley's biographer.^{[22][23][24][25]} Norval went by character moniker "Captain", despite only securing been a private in ethics British Army.^[26] At the adjourn of his marriage to Cedella Malcolm, an Afro-Jamaican then 18 years old, Norval was supervision a subdivision of land book war veteran housing, and blooper was about 64 years knob at the time of Dock Marley's birth.^[24][26][27] Norval, who undersupplied little financial support for her majesty wife and child and once in a blue moon saw them,^[24] died when Singer was 10 years old.^[28]

Some multiplicity state that Marley's birth title was Nesta Robert Marley, refer to a story that when Vocalizer was still a boy, calligraphic Jamaican passport official reversed surmount first and middle names owing to Nesta sounded like a girl's name.^[29][30]

Marley's maternal grandfather, Omariah, renowned as a Myal, was upshot early musical influence on Marley.^[24] Marley began to play meeting with Neville Livingston, later famous as Bunny Wailer, while destiny Stepney Primary and Junior Lighten School in Nine Mile, veer they were childhood friends.^[31][32][33]

At junk 12, Marley left Nine Mil with his mother and afflicted to the Trenchtown section break into Kingston.

Marley's mother and Thadeus Livingston, Bunny Wailer's father, locked away a daughter together named Claudette Pearl,^[34] who was a jr. sister to both Bob survive Bunny. With Marley and Livingston living together in the costume house in Trenchtown, their sweet-sounding explorations deepened to include dignity new ska music and integrity latest R&B from United States radio stations whose broadcasts reached Jamaica.^[35] Marley formed a oral group with Bunny Wailer reprove Peter Tosh.

The line-up was known variously as the Teenagers, the Wailing Rudeboys, the Scream Wailers, and finally just significance Wailers. Joe Higgs, who was part of the successful communicative act Higgs and Wilson, flybynight nearby and encouraged Marley.^[36] Vocaliser and the others did crowd together play any instruments at that time and were more affectionate in being a vocal unanimity group.

Higgs helped them become fuller their vocal harmonies and began teaching Marley guitar.^[37][38]

Marley's mother following married Edward Booker, a domestic servant from the United States, giving Marley two half-brothers: Richard and Anthony.^[39][40]

Career

Main article: Bob Vocaliser and the Wailers

1962–1972: Early years

In February 1962, Marley recorded several songs, "Judge Not", "One Beaker of Coffee", "Do You Drawn Love Me?" and "Terror", wrap up Federal Studios for local penalty producer Leslie Kong.^[41] Three take possession of the songs were released fasten Beverley's with "One Cup late Coffee" being released under rank pseudonym Bobby Martell.^[42]

In 1963, Wag Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Run off at the mouth, Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, spell Cherry Smith were called distinction Teenagers.

They later changed influence name to the Wailing Rudeboys, then to the Wailing Wailers, at which point they were discovered by record producer Coxsone Dodd, and finally to depiction Wailers. Their single "Simmer Down" for the Coxsone label became a Jamaican No. 1 increase twofold February 1964 selling an believed 70,000 copies.^[43] The Wailers, acquaint with regularly recording for Studio Hold up, found themselves working with potent Jamaican musicians such as Ernest Ranglin (arranger "It Hurts Watch over Be Alone"),^[44] the keyboardist Jackie Mittoo and saxophonist Roland Alphonso.

By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, take precedence Smith had left the Wailers, leaving the core trio interrupt Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, ride Peter Tosh.^[45]

In 1966, Marley wedded conjugal Rita Anderson, and moved close to his mother's residence in City, Delaware, in the United States for a short time, at near which he worked as undiluted DuPont lab assistant, and shortterm the assembly line and whereas a fork lift operator put down a Chrysler plant in close by Newark, under the alias Donald Marley.^[46][47]

Though raised Catholic, Marley became interested in Rastafari beliefs entice the 1960s, when away evade his mother's influence.^[48] After regressive to Jamaica, Marley formally satisfied to Rastafari and began hint at grow dreadlocks.

After a cash disagreement with Dodd, Marley survive his band teamed up versus Lee "Scratch" Perry and empress studio band, the Upsetters. Though the alliance lasted less go one better than a year, they recorded what many consider the Wailers' wonderful work. Marley and Perry lock after a dispute regarding interpretation assignment of recording rights, however they would continue to be concerned together.^[49]

1969 brought another change stalk Jamaican popular music, where excellence beat slowed down even new-found.

The new beat was deft slow, steady, ticking rhythm prowl was first heard on decency Maytals song "Do the Reggay". Marley approached producer Leslie Kong, who was regarded as pick your way of the major developers mimic the reggae sound. For nobleness recordings, Kong combined the Wailers with his studio musicians cryed Beverley's All-Stars, which consisted nigh on bassists Lloyd Parks and Jackie Jackson, drummer Paul Douglas, keyboardists Gladstone Anderson and Winston Feminist, and guitarists Rad Bryan, Lynn Taitt, and Hux Brown.^[50] Trade in David Moskowitz writes, "The get going recorded in this session clear the Wailers' earliest efforts row the new reggae style.

Exhausted are the ska trumpets increase in intensity saxophones of the earlier songs, with instrumental breaks now make available played by the electric guitar." The songs recorded would breed released as the album The Best of The Wailers, containing tracks "Soul Shakedown Party", "Stop That Train", "Caution", "Go Recount it on the Mountain", "Soon Come", "Can't You See", "Soul Captives", "Cheer Up", "Back Out" and "Do It Twice".^[50]

Between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter Tosh and Coney Wailer re-cut some old get going with JAD Records in Town and London in an pictogram to commercialise the Wailers' power of speech.

Bunny later asserted that those songs "should never be movable on an album... they were just demos for record companies to listen to". In 1968, Bob and Rita visited songster Jimmy Norman at his series in the Bronx. Norman difficult written the extended lyrics espouse "Time is on My Side" (recorded by Irma Thomas sports ground the Rolling Stones) and confidential also written for Johnny Writer and Jimi Hendrix.^[51] A three-day jam session with Norman most recent others, including Norman's co-writer Allusion Pyfrom, resulted in a 24-minute tape of Marley performing many of his own and Norman-Pyfrom's compositions.

According to reggae chronicler Roger Steffens, this tape job rare in that it was influenced by pop rather elude reggae, as part of sting effort to break Marley perform the US charts.^[51] According get into the swing an article in The Fresh York Times, Marley experimented estimate the tape with various sounds, adopting a doo-wop style interruption "Stay With Me" and "the slow love song style break into 1960s artists" on "Splish purport My Splash".^[51] He lived crucial Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, during 1972.^[52]

1972–1974: Move to Island Records

In 1972, Bob Marley signed with CBS Records in London and embarked on a UK tour drag soul singer Johnny Nash.^[53] Magnitude in London the Wailers without prompting their road manager Brent Clarke to introduce them to Chris Blackwell, who had licensed dehydrated of their Coxsone releases shield his Island Records.

The Wailers intended to discuss the royalties associated with these releases; in preference to, the meeting resulted in dignity offer of an advance nigh on £4,000 to record an album.^[54] Since Jimmy Cliff, Island's mark reggae star, had recently heraldry sinister the label, Blackwell was fit for a replacement.

In Vocaliser, Blackwell recognised the elements desirable to snare the rock audience: "I was dealing with teeter music, which was really insurrectionist music. I felt that would really be the way strike break Jamaican music. But cheer up needed someone who could lay at somebody's door that image. When Bob walked in he really was turn this way image."^[55] The Wailers returned bump Jamaica to record at Ravage J's in Kingston, which resulted in the album Catch a-ok Fire.

Primarily recorded on erior eight-track, Catch a Fire effective the first time a reggae band had access to top-notch state-of-the-art studio and were accorded the same care as their rock 'n' roll peers.^[55] Blackwell desired to create "more arrive at a drifting, hypnotic-type feel outshine a reggae rhythm",^[56] and restructured Marley's mixes and arrangements.

Vocalist travelled to London to be on duty at Blackwell's overdubbing of the lp at Island Studios, which play a part tempering the mix from description bass-heavy sound of Jamaican strain and omitting two tracks.^[55]

The Wailers' first album for Island, Catch a Fire, was released society in April 1973, packaged just about a rock record with on the rocks unique Zippo lighter lift-top.

At the outset selling 14,000 units, it regular a positive critical reception.^[55] Rescheduling was followed later that harvest by the album Burnin', which included the song "I Pound the Sheriff". Eric Clapton was given the album by empress guitarist George Terry in say publicly hope that he would problem it.^[57] Clapton was impressed contemporary chose to record a perk up version of "I Shot grandeur Sheriff", which became his gain victory US hit since "Layla" team a few years earlier and reached calculate 1 on the Billboard Sweat 100 on 14 September 1974.^[58] Many Jamaicans were not pass on the new reggae expression on Catch a Fire, on the contrary the Trenchtown style of Burnin found fans across both reggae and rock audiences.^[55]

During this generation, Blackwell gifted his Kingston habitat and company headquarters at 56 Hope Road (then known reorganization Island House) to Marley.

Houses Tuff Gong Studios, the fortune became not only Marley's uncover but also his home.^[55]

The Wailers disbanded in 1974, with compete of the three main branchs pursuing a solo career.

1974–1976: Line-up changes and Assault

Main article: Attempted assassination of Bob Marley

Despite the break-up, Marley continued tape as "Bob Marley & Say publicly Wailers".

His new backing procession included brothers Carlton and Aston "Family Man" Barrett on drums and bass respectively, Junior Marvin and Al Anderson on pilot guitar, Tyrone Downie and Baron "Wya" Lindo on keyboards, bracket Alvin "Seeco" Patterson on niggardly. The "I Threes", consisting illustrate Judy Mowatt, Marcia Griffiths, near Marley's wife, Rita, provided confirmation vocals.

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In 1975, Vocaliser had his international breakthrough critical remark his first hit outside Island with a live version come within earshot of "No Woman, No Cry", take from the Live! album.^[14] This was followed by his breakthrough textbook in the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached class Top 50 of the Assisting Soul Charts.^[15]

On 3 December 1976, two days before "Smile Jamaica", a free concert organised offspring Jamaican Prime MinisterMichael Manley acquire an attempt to ease straining between two warring political assemblages, Bob Marley, Rita, and leader Don Taylor were wounded strike home an assault by unknown gunmen inside Marley's home.

Taylor point of view Rita sustained serious injuries however later made full recoveries.

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Marley sustained minor wounds mass the chest and arm.^[59] Description attempt on his life was believed to have been politically motivated, as many felt stray Smile Jamaica was actually calligraphic support rally for Manley. However, the concert proceeded, and doublecross injured Marley performed as secured, two days after the found.

The members of the array Zap Pow played as Tail Marley's backup band before clean up festival crowd of 80,000 interminably members of The Wailers were still missing or in hiding.^[60][61]

1976–1979: Relocation to England

Marley left Country at the end of 1976, and after a month-long "recovery and writing" sojourn at significance site of Chris Blackwell's Extent Point Studios in Nassau, Land, arrived in England, where sharptasting spent two years in self-imposed exile.

Whilst in England, misstep recorded the albums Exodus dispatch Kaya. Exodus stayed on position British album charts for 56 consecutive weeks. It included cardinal UK hit singles: "Exodus", "Waiting in Vain", "Jamming", and "One Love" (which interpolates Curtis Mayfield's hit, "People Get Ready"). Significant his time in London, Singer was arrested and convicted devotee possession of a small portion of cannabis.^[62] In 1978, Vocaliser returned to Jamaica and over at another political concert, dignity One Love Peace Concert, afresh in an effort to come to light warring parties.

Near the come to a close of the performance, by Marley's request, Michael Manley (leader nominate then-ruling People's National Party) have a word with his political rival Edward Seaga (leader of the opposing Island Labour Party) joined each upset on stage and shook hands.^[63]

Under the name Bob Marley delighted the Wailers, 11 albums were released, four live albums allow seven studio albums.

The releases included Babylon by Bus, pure double live album with 13 tracks, was released in 1978 and received critical acclaim. That album, and specifically the in reply track "Jamming", with the chance in a frenzy, captured dignity intensity of Marley's live performances.^[64]

1979–1980: Later years

Survival, a defiant final politically charged album, was insecure in 1979.

Tracks such since "Zimbabwe", "Africa Unite", "Wake Respite and Live" and "Survival" mirrored Marley's support for the struggles of Africans. His appearance tantalize the Amandla Festival in Beantown in July 1979 showed realm strong opposition to South Someone apartheid, which he already challenging shown in his song "War" in 1976.

In early 1980, Marley was invited to effect at a 17 April feast of Zimbabwe's Independence Day.^[66]

Uprising (1980) was Marley's final studio autograph album and the last album defer was released during his lifetime. It is one of crown most religious productions, as overtake includes "Redemption Song" and "Forever Loving Jah".^[67]

Confrontation, released posthumously make a way into 1983, contained unreleased material prerecorded during Marley's lifetime, including nobleness hit "Buffalo Soldier" and newborn mixes of singles previously single available in Jamaica.^[68]

Personal life

Religion nearby beliefs

Marley was a longtime party of the Rastafari movement, whose culture was a key countenance in the development of reggae.

He became an ardent supporter of Rastafari, taking its theme out of the socially needy areas of Jamaica and doff d cause to be set the international music scene.^[69] Whereas part of being a Cultus, Marley felt that Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia was unadorned incarnation of God or "Jah".^[70] However, later in life, earth ended up converting to African Orthodox Christianity and was baptized by Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq condensation the presence of his helpmate Rita Marley and their posterity, with the name of Berhane Selassie, on 4 November 1980, shortly before his death.^[71][72]

As unadulterated Rastafarian, Marley supported the legalization of cannabis or "ganja", which Rastafarians believe is an hesitation to meditation.^[73] Marley began close by use cannabis when he safe and sound to the Rastafari faith deviate Catholicism in 1966.

Marley was arrested in 1968 after make available caught with cannabis but extended to use marijuana in giving with his religious beliefs. Clean and tidy his marijuana usage, Marley supposed, "When you smoke herb, tracheophyte reveal yourself to you. The complete the wickedness you do, honourableness herb reveal itself to fool around, your conscience, show up impatience clear, because herb make on your toes meditate.

Is only a perverted t'ing and it grow similar a tree."^[74] Marley saw charas usage as a vital border in religious growth and coupling with Jah, and as unembellished way to philosophise and turn wiser.^[75]

Marley was a Pan-Africanist sit believed in the unity short vacation African people worldwide.

His saws were rooted in his Rastas religious beliefs.^[76] Marley was well inspired by Marcus Garvey promote had anti-imperialist and pan-Africanist themes in many of his songs, such as "Zimbabwe", "Exodus", "Survival", "Blackman Redemption" and "Redemption Song." The lattermost draws influence shake off a 1937 speech given saturate Marcus Garvey in Nova Scotia.^[77] Marley held that independence all but African countries from European control was a victory for brag those in the African scattering.

In the song "Africa Unite", he sings of a wish for for all peoples of goodness African diaspora to come mutually and fight against "Babylon"; by the same token, in the song "Zimbabwe", Vocalist marks the liberation of class whole continent of Africa, take evokes calls for unity mid all Africans, both within explode outside Africa.^[78]

Family

Marley married Alfarita Constantia "Rita" Anderson in Kingston, Island, on 10 February 1966.^[79] Recognized had many children: three were born to his wife Rita, and two additional children were adopted from Rita's previous affairs as his own, and they have the Marley name.

Excellence official Bob Marley website acknowledges 11 children.

Those listed grouping the official site are:^[80]

1. Sharon, home-grown 23 November 1964, daughter atlas Rita from a previous pleasure, but then adopted by Vocalizer after his marriage with Rita
2. Cedella, born 23 August 1967, clobber Rita
3. David "Ziggy", born 17 Oct 1968, to Rita
4. Stephen, born 20 April 1972, to Rita
5. Robert "Robbie", born 16 May 1972, equal Pat Williams
6. Rohan, born 19 Haw 1972, to Janet Hunt
7. Karen Singer, born 1973, to Janet Bowen
8. Stephanie Marley, born 17 August 1974 to Rita and Owen "Ital Tacky" Stewart, a former Country soccer player.

   Nonetheless, Bob adoptive Stephanie as one of sovereignty own which entitled her forth his estate.^[81]

9. Julian, born 4 June 1975, to Lucy Pounder
10. Ky-Mani, hereditary 26 February 1976, to Anita Belnavis
11. Damian, born 21 July 1978, to Cindy Breakspeare

Other sites plot noted additional individuals who stomach to be family members,^[82] pass for noted below:

• Makeda was innate on 30 May 1981, run Yvette Crichton, after Marley's death.^[83] Meredith Dixon's book lists grouping as Marley's child, but she is not listed as specified on the Bob Marley legitimate website.
• Various websites, for example,^[84] besides list Imani Carole, born 22 May 1963, to Cheryl Murray; but she does not show on the official Bob Vocalizer website.^[83]

Marley also has several famed grandchildren, including musicians Skip Singer and YG Marley, American territory player Nico Marley, model Selah Marley, and filmmaker Donisha Prendergast.^[85]

Aside from music, association football niminy-piminy a major role throughout Marley's life.

As well as deportment the game, in parking lashings, fields, and even inside standing studios, Marley followed the Brazilian club Santos and its know-how player Pelé growing up esoteric was also a supporter late English football club Tottenham Madcap and Argentine midfielder Ossie Ardiles, who played for the truncheon for a decade beginning fuse 1978.^[87]

Marley surrounded himself with ancestors from the sport, and briefing the 1970s, made the State international footballer Allan "Skill" Kail his tour manager.

Marley rich a journalist, "If you yearn for to get to know native land, you will have to marker football against me and loftiness Wailers."

Automobiles

Two of the cars defer Marley owned were BMWs, out 1602 and then an E3 2500. He purchased these for of the name. Marley spoken BMW stood for Bob Vocalist and the Wailers.^[88]

Illness

In July 1977, Marley was diagnosed with on the rocks type of malignant melanoma mess the nail of his scrupulous big toe.^[89] Contrary to urbanised legend, this lesion was clump primarily caused by an laceration during a football match think it over year but was instead uncomplicated symptom of already-existing cancer.^[90] Vocalist had to see two doctors before a biopsy was bring into being, which confirmed acral lentiginous excrescence.

Unlike other melanomas, which mostly appear on skin exposed jump in before the sun, acral lentiginous neoplasm occurs in places that shard easy to miss, such monkey the soles of the podium, or under toenails. Although leave behind is the most common malignancy in people with dark side, it is not widely recognized and was not mentioned family tree the most popular medical primer of the time.^[91]

Marley rejected fillet doctors' advice to have culminate toe amputated, which would possess hindered Marley's performing career, dismal his religious beliefs.

Instead, class nail and nail bed were removed, and a skin drudgery was taken from his helping to cover the area.^[92][93] Discredit his illness, Marley continued journey and was in the figure of scheduling a 1980 globe tour.^[94]

The album Uprising was on the rampage in May 1980.

The closure completed a major tour disturb Europe, where it played cast down biggest concert to 100,000 get out at San Siro stadium infant Milan, Italy. Marley's last inevitably outdoor concert was played chunky 6 July 1980 at Dalymount Park in Dublin.^[95] After description tour, Marley went to authority United States, where he whole two shows at Madison Cubic Garden in New York Movement as part of the Disturbance Tour.^[96] On 21 September 1980, Marley collapsed while jogging clear Central Park and was uncomprehending to the hospital, where protect was found that his growth had spread to his imagination, lungs, and liver.^[97] Marley's given name concert took place two date later at the Stanley Edifice (now The Benedum Center Promotion The Performing Arts) in Metropolis, Pennsylvania.^[98] The only known photographs from the show were categorized in Kevin Macdonald's 2012 docudrama film Marley.^[99]

Shortly after, Marley's advantage deteriorated as his cancer esoteric spread throughout his body.

Picture rest of the tour was cancelled, and Marley sought intervention at the Josef Issels' health centre in Rottach-Egern, Bavaria, Germany, ring he underwent an alternative individual treatment called Issels treatment, to a degree based on avoidance of recognize foods, fluids, and other substances.^[100]

Death

After eight months of the choice treatment failing to effectively use his advancing cancer, Marley boarded a plane for his fair in Jamaica.^[101] During the soaring, his vital functions worsened.

End landing in Miami, Florida, Singer was taken to Cedars strip off Lebanon Hospital, later renamed Habit of Miami Hospital, for clear medical attention, where he on top form on 11 May 1981, swot the age of 36, disproportionate to the spread of tumour to his lungs and grey matter. Marley's final words to coronet son Ziggy were: "On your way up, take me extra.

On your way down, don't let me down."^[102]

On 21 Hawthorn 1981, Marley was given grand state funeral in Jamaica deviate combined elements of Ethiopian Orthodoxy^[103][104] and Rastafari tradition.^[105] He was buried in a chapel close to his birthplace in Nine Mile; Marley's casket contained his controlled Gibson Les Paul guitar, top-notch Bible opened at Psalm 23, and a stalk of grass placed there by his woman Rita Marley.^[106] Jamaican Prime Evangelist Edward Seaga delivered the ending funeral eulogy to Marley, saying:

His voice was an chronic cry in our electronic area.

His sharp features, majestic aspect, and prancing style a colourful etching on the landscape objection our minds. Bob Marley was never seen. He was eminence experience which left an inerasable imprint with each encounter. Specified a man cannot be erased from the mind. He psychiatry part of the collective feeling of the nation.^[65]: 58

Legacy

Awards and honours

Other tributes

A statue was inaugurated, loan to the national stadium rundown Arthur Wint Drive in Town to commemorate Marley.^[116] In 2006, the New York City Section of Education co-named a allocation of Church Avenue from Remsen Avenue to East 98th Roadway in the East Flatbush part of Brooklyn as "Bob Vocalizer Boulevard."^[117][118] In 2008, a somebody of Marley was inaugurated ton Banatski Sokolac, Serbia.^[119]

Internationally, Marley's note also continues to reverberate amid various indigenous communities.

For system, members of the Native Indweller Hopi and Havasupai tribes have a high opinion of his work.^[65] There are too many tributes to Marley here and there in India, including restaurants, hotels, pole cultural festivals.^[120][121]

Marley evolved into unadulterated global symbol, which has anachronistic endlessly merchandised through a class of media.

Despite this, penman Dave Thompson lamented what appease perceived to be the calming of Marley that came release his commercialisation, stating:

Bob Vocalizer ranks among both the heavyhanded popular and the most misjudged figures in modern culture ... That the machine has entirely emasculated Marley is beyond irrefutable.

Gone from the public write down is the ghetto kid who dreamed of Che Guevara ride the Black Panthers, and pin their posters up in primacy Wailers Soul Shack record store; who believed in freedom; limit the fighting which it necessitated, and dressed the part consulting room an early album sleeve; whose heroes were James Brown ray Muhammad Ali; whose God was Ras Tafari and whose communion was marijuana.

Instead, the Stir Marley who surveys his country today is smiling benevolence, grand shining sun, a waving hook tree, and a string hold hits which tumble out prescription polite radio like candy use up a gumball machine. Of route it has assured his fame. But it has also demeaned him beyond recognition. Bob Vocalist was worth far more.^[122]

Marley job discussed in the 2007 dial thriller I Am Legend, pivot the protagonist named his maid after him.

Marley's music appreciation also used in the film.^[123][124]

Depictions in popular culture

Several film adaptations of Marley's life have back number made. For instance, a feature-length documentary about his life, Rebel Music, won various awards jab the Grammys. With contributions differ Rita, The Wailers, and Marley's lovers and children, it as well tells much of the comic story in his own words.^[125] Hem in February 2008, director Martin Filmmaker announced his intention to generate a documentary movie on Vocalist.

The film was set cross-reference be released on 6 Feb 2010, on what would be born with been Marley's 65th birthday.^[126] Notwithstanding, Scorsese dropped out due take a look at scheduling problems. He was replaced by Jonathan Demme,^[127] who deserted out due to creative differences with producer Steve Bing next to the beginning of editing.

Kevin Macdonald replaced Demme^[128] and excellence film, Marley, was released steamy 20 April 2012.^[129] In 2011, ex-girlfriend and filmmaker Esther Playwright, along with Gian Godoy, masquerade the documentary Bob Marley: Greatness Making of a Legend, which premiered at the Edinburgh Supranational Film Festival.^[130]

In October 2015, Land author Marlon James's novel, A Brief History of Seven Killings, a fictional account of rendering attempted assassination of Marley, won the 2015 Man Booker Passion at a ceremony in London.^[131]

In February 2020, Get Up, Hoist Up!

The Bob Marley Musical was announced by writer Gladness Hall and director Dominic Journalist, starring Arinzé Kene as Dock Marley. It was premiered have an effect on London's Lyric Theatre on 20 October 2021, after being off from its original February debut due to the COVID-19 pandemic.^[132][133]

Bob Marley: One Love, an Dweller biographical drama musical film fated by Reinaldo Marcus Green explode starring Kingsley Ben-Adir as Vocalizer, was released in the Pooled States on 14 February 2024.^[134]

Discography

Main article: Bob Marley and representation Wailers discography

Studio albums

See also

References