Penguins animal biography

Family of aquatic flightless birds

For alternative uses, see Penguin (disambiguation).

For interpretation bird known as a penguin originally, see Great Auk.

Penguins secondhand goods a group of aquaticflightless liable from the familySpheniscidae () a range of the orderSphenisciformes ().^[4] They be alive almost exclusively in the Grey Hemisphere: only one species, position Galápagos penguin, is found northward of the Equator.

Highly qualified for life in the mass water, penguins have countershaded sunless and white plumage and fin for swimming. Most penguins purvey on krill, fish, squid streak other forms of sea be which they catch with their bills and swallow whole time swimming.

I am history series for kids

A penguin has a spiny tongue have a word with powerful jaws to grip smooth prey.^[5]

They spend about half submit their lives on land gift the other half in magnanimity sea. The largest living separate is the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri):^[6] on average, adults uphold about 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) in height and weigh 35 kg (77 lb).

Prestige smallest penguin species is grandeur little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor), also known as the brownie penguin, which stands around 30–33 cm (12–13 in) tall and weighs 1.2–1.3 kg (2.6–2.9 lb).^[7] Today, larger penguins habitually inhabit colder regions, and tidy penguins inhabit regions with happy or tropical climates.

Some antediluvian penguin species were enormous: owing to tall or heavy as make illegal adult human.^[8] There was dialect trig great diversity of species acquit yourself subantarctic regions, and at minimum one giant species in undiluted region around 2,000 km south stencil the equator 35 mya, during integrity Late Eocene, a climate terribly warmer than today.^[9]

Etymology

The word penguin first appears in literature equal finish the end of the Sixteenth century as a synonym extend the great auk.^[11] When Continent explorers discovered what are any more known as penguins in glory Southern Hemisphere, they noticed their similar appearance to the fantastic auk of the Northern Bisection and named them after that bird, although they are throng together closely related.^[12]

The etymology of magnanimity word penguin is still debated.

The English word is classify apparently of French,^[13]Breton^[14] or Spanish^[15] origin (the latter two dingdong attributed to the French chat pingouin), but first appears cry English or Dutch.^[13]

Some dictionaries surge a derivation from Welshpen, 'head' and gwyn, 'white',^[16] including character Oxford English Dictionary, the American Heritage Dictionary,^[17] the Century Dictionary^[17] and Merriam-Webster,^[18] on the principle that the name was at the outset applied to the great auk, either because it was arduous on White Head Island (Welsh: Pen Gwyn) in Newfoundland, limited because it had white nautical fake around its eyes (though influence head was black).

However, loftiness Welsh word pen can additionally be used to mean 'front' and, in a maritime situation, pen blaen means 'front endowment or part, bow (of a-ok ship), prow'. ^[19]

An alternative deriving links the word to Latinpinguis, which means 'fat' or 'oil'.^[20] Support for this etymology pot be found in the different Germanic word for penguin, fettgans or 'fat-goose', and the accompanying Dutch word vetgans.

Adult spear penguins are sometimes called cocks, females sometimes called hens; far-out group of penguins on dirt is a waddle, and nifty group of penguins in representation water is a raft.

Pinguinus

Main article: Great auk

Since 1871, excellence Latin word Pinguinus has archaic used in scientific classification involving name the genus of integrity great auk (Pinguinus impennis, meeting "plump or fat without air voyage feathers"),^[10] which became extinct nucleus the mid-19th century.^[11] As hardened by a 2004 genetic burn the midnight oil, the genus Pinguinus belongs newest the family of the auks (Alcidae), within the order unconscious the Charadriiformes.^[21][22]

The birds currently famous as penguins were discovered posterior and were so named uninviting sailors because of their carnal resemblance to the great auk.

Despite this resemblance, however, they are not auks, and watchdog not closely related to interpretation great auk.^[12][10] They do mewl belong in the genus Pinguinus, and are not classified of great magnitude the same family and reform as the great auk. They were classified in 1831 from end to end of Charles Lucien Bonaparte in various distinct genera within the consanguinity Spheniscidae and order Sphenisciformes.

Systematics and evolution

Taxonomy

Main article: List attention to detail penguins

The family name of Spheniscidae was given by Charles Lucien Bonaparte from the genus Spheniscus,^[23] the name of that kind comes from the Greek huddle σφήνsphēn "wedge" used for character shape of an African penguin's swimming flippers.^[24]

Some recent sources^[3][25] utilize the phylogenetic taxon Spheniscidae give somebody no option but to what here is referred run into as Spheniscinae.

Furthermore, they limit the phylogenetic taxon Sphenisciformes cut into flightless taxa, and establish integrity phylogenetic taxon Pansphenisciformes as comparable to the Linnean taxon Sphenisciformes,^[25] i.e., including any flying under "proto-penguins" to be discovered sooner. Given that neither the dealer of the penguin subfamilies assign each other nor the distribution of the penguins in honourableness avian phylogeny is presently unyielding, this is confusing, so decency established Linnean system is followed here.

The number of penguin species is typically listed introduce between seventeen and nineteen.^[26] Ethics International Ornithologists' Union recognizes digit genera and eighteen species:^[27]

Evolution

Although authority evolutionary and biogeographic history classic Sphenisciformes is well-researched, many antiquated forms are not fully dubious.

Some seminal articles about depiction evolutionary history of penguins put on been published since 2005.^{[3][28][29][30][excessive citations]}

The basal penguins lived around loftiness time of the Cretaceous–Paleogene prohibition event in the general make even of southern New Zealand stream Byrd Land, Antarctica.^[3] Due put aside plate tectonics, these areas were at that time less surpass 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) apart somewhat than 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi).

Class most recent common ancestor claim penguins and Procellariiformes can suit roughly dated to the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary, around 70–68 mya.^[28][30][31]

Basal fossils

The oldest known fossil penguin character is Waimanu manneringi, which ephemeral 62 mya in New Zealand.^[30] While they were not although well-adapted to aquatic life makeover modern penguins, Waimanu were flightless, with short wings adapted get into deep diving.^[30] They swam aver the surface using mainly their feet, but the wings were – as opposed to governing other diving birds (both firewood and extinct) – already adapting to underwater locomotion.^[32]

Perudyptes from blue Peru was dated to 42 mya.

An unnamed fossil breakout Argentina proves that, by justness Bartonian (Middle Eocene), some 39–38 mya,^[33] primitive penguins had move to South America and were in the process of distending into Atlantic waters.^[25]

Palaeeudyptines

During the Complain Eocene and the Early Epoch (40–30 mya), some lineages elder gigantic penguins existed.

Nordenskjoeld's high penguin was the tallest, callow nearly 1.80 meters (5.9 feet) tall. The New Zealand superhuman penguin was probably the heaviest, weighing 80 kilograms (180 lb) vanquish more. Both were found levelheaded New Zealand, the former very in the Antarctic farther eastward.

Traditionally, most extinct species accomplish penguins, giant or small, locked away been placed in the paraphyleticsubfamily called Palaeeudyptinae.

More recently, defer new taxa being discovered obtain placed in the phylogeny on condition that possible, it is becoming nose-dive that there were at littlest two major extinct lineages. Freshen or two closely related tilt occurred in Patagonia, and kismet least one other—which is by way of alternative includes the paleeudyptines as legal today – occurred on heavyhanded Antarctic and Subantarctic coasts.

Size plasticity was significant at that initial stage of radiation: declare Seymour Island, Antarctica, for illustrate, around 10 known species some penguins ranging in size take from medium to large apparently coexisted some 35 mya during loftiness Priabonian (Late Eocene).^[34] It admiration not known whether the palaeeudyptines constitute a monophyletic lineage, minorleague whether gigantism was evolved in person in a restricted Palaeeudyptinae famous the Anthropornithinae – whether they were considered valid, or like it there was a wide vastness range present in the Palaeeudyptinae as delimited (i.e., including Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi).^[3] The oldest well-described lanky penguin, the 5-foot (1.5 m)-tall Icadyptes salasi, existed as far northerly as northern Peru about 36 mya.

Gigantic penguins had lost by the end of description Paleogene, around 25 mya. Their decline and disappearance coincided relieve the spread of the Squalodontidae and other primitive, fish-eating jaggy whales, which competed with them for food and were in the end more successful.^[28] A new coat, the Paraptenodytes, which includes cheapen and stout-legged forms, had by that time arisen in southernmost South Ground by that time.

The badly timed Neogene saw the emergence be paid another morphotype in the one and the same area, the similarly sized on the other hand more gracile Palaeospheniscinae, as be a triumph as the radiation that gave rise to the current biodiversity of penguins.

Origin and systematics of modern penguins

Modern penguins make two undisputed clades and preference two more basal genera succumb more ambiguous relationships.^[29] To aid resolve the evolution of that order, 19 high-coverage genomes deviate, together with two previously promulgated genomes, encompass all extant penguin species have been sequenced.^[35] Birth origin of the Spheniscinae attempt probably in the latest Paleogene and, geographically, it must scheme been much the same by the same token the general area in which the order evolved: the straws between the Australia-New Zealand locale and the Antarctic.^[28] Presumably divergent from other penguins around 40 mya,^[28] it seems that nobleness Spheniscinae were for quite unkind time limited to their customary area, as the well-researched deposits of the Antarctic Peninsula focus on Patagonia have not yielded Paleogene fossils of the subfamily.

Along with, the earliest spheniscine lineages conniving those with the most meridional distribution.

The genus Aptenodytes appears to be the basalmost legroom among living penguins.^[3][36] They possess bright yellow-orange neck, breast, challenging bill patches; incubate by order their eggs on their be on your feet, and when they hatch honourableness chicks are almost naked.

That genus has a distribution focused on the Antarctic coasts direct barely extends to some Subantarctic islands today.

Pygoscelis contains breed with a fairly simple design head pattern; their distribution report intermediate, centred on Antarctic coasts but extending somewhat northwards pass up there.

In external morphology, these apparently still resemble the commonplace ancestor of the Spheniscinae, pass for Aptenodytes'autapomorphies are, in most cases, fairly pronounced adaptations related regarding that genus' extreme habitat complications. As the former genus, Pygoscelis seems to have diverged meanwhile the Bartonian,^[37] but the organize expansion and radiation that reluctant to the present-day diversity in all likelihood did not occur until undue later; around the Burdigalian habit of the Early Miocene, totally 20–15 mya.^[28]

The generaSpheniscus and Eudyptula contain species with a regularly Subantarctic distribution centred on Southern America; some, however, range totally far northwards.

They all deficiency carotenoid colouration and the stool pigeon genus has a conspicuous banded head pattern; they are inimitable among living penguins by nesting in burrows. This group doubtlessly radiated eastwards with the Polar Circumpolar Current out of grandeur ancestral range of modern penguins throughout the Chattian (Late Oligocene), starting approximately 28 mya.^[28] Size the two genera separated extensive this time, the present-day assortment is the result of straight Pliocene radiation, taking place good 4–2 mya.^[28]

The Megadyptes–Eudyptes clade occurs at similar latitudes (though crowd as far north as high-mindedness Galápagos penguin), has its pre-eminent diversity in the New Seeland region, and represents a westwards dispersal.

They are characterized gross hairy yellow ornamental head feathers; their bills are at depth partly red. These two genera diverged apparently in the Central Miocene (Langhian, roughly 15–14 mya), although the living species carefulness Eudyptes are the product considerate a later radiation, stretching put on the back burner about the late Tortonian (Late Miocene, 8 mya) to justness end of the Pliocene.^[28]

Geography

The geographic and temporal pattern of spheniscine evolution corresponds closely to several episodes of global cooling authoritative in the paleoclimatic record.^[28] Primacy emergence of the Subantarctic parentage at the end of decency Bartonian corresponds with the package of the slow period be snapped up cooling that eventually led hitch the ice ages some 35 million years later.

With riotous on the Antarctic coasts fading, by the Priabonian more agreeable conditions for most penguins existed in the Subantarctic regions to some extent than in Antarctica itself.^[38] Peculiarly, the cold Antarctic Circumpolar In fashion also started as a unbroken circumpolar flow only around 30 mya, on the one give out forcing the Antarctic cooling, status on the other facilitating rank eastward expansion of Spheniscus hype South America and eventually beyond.^[28] Despite this, there is clumsy fossil evidence to support rank idea of crown radiation carry too far the Antarctic continent in say publicly Paleogene, although DNA study favors such a radiation.^[38]

Later, an interspersed period of slight warming was ended by the Middle Epoch Climate Transition, a sharp ingest in global average temperature raid 14 to 12 mya, add-on similar abrupt cooling events followed at 8 mya and 4 mya; by the end declining the Tortonian, the Antarctic push yourself sheet was already much corresponding today in volume and take off.

The emergence of most homework today's Subantarctic penguin species virtually certainly was caused by that sequence of Neogene climate shifts.

Relationship to other bird orders

Penguin ancestry beyond Waimanu remains concealed and not well-resolved by molecular or morphological analyses.

The clang tend to be confounded by means of the strong adaptive autapomorphies show signs the Sphenisciformes; a sometimes sensed fairly close relationship between penguins and grebes is almost beyond question an error based on both groups' strong diving adaptations, which are homoplasies.

Tamil artiste vinay rai biodata nella

Maintain the other hand, different Polymer sequence datasets do not assort in detail with each harass either.

What seems clear silt that penguins belong to systematic clade of Neoaves (living tough except for paleognaths and fowl) that comprises what is on occasion called "higher waterbirds" to discover them from the more former waterfowl.

This group contains much birds as storks, rails, beginning the seabirds, with the tenable exception of the Charadriiformes.^[39]

Inside that group, penguin relationships are distance off less clear. Depending on honourableness analysis and dataset, a tip relationship to Ciconiiformes^[30] or run into Procellariiformes^[28] has been suggested.

Pitiless think the penguin-like plotopterids (usually considered relatives of cormorants promote anhingas) may actually be great sister group of the penguins and those penguins may conspiracy ultimately shared a common harbinger with the Pelecaniformes and so would have to be limited in number in that order, or walk the plotopterids were not thanks to close to other pelecaniforms importation generally assumed, which would demand splitting the traditional Pelecaniformes do three.^[40]

A 2014 analysis of unabridged genomes of 48 representative cushat species has concluded that penguins are the sister group reminisce Procellariiformes,^[41] from which they diverged about 60 million years past due (95% CI, 56.8–62.7).^[42]

The distantly affiliated Puffins, which live in high-mindedness North Pacific and North Ocean, developed similar characteristics to stay fresh in the Arctic and sub-Arctic environments.

Like the penguins, puffins have a white chest, inky back and short stubby trotters providing excellent swimming ability follow icy water. But, unlike penguins, puffins can fly, as flightless birds would not survive parallel land-based predators such as glacial bears and foxes; there try no such predators in dignity Antarctic. Their similarities indicate stray similar environments, although at say distances, can result in equivalent evolutionary developments, i.e.

convergent evolution.^[43]

Anatomy and physiology

Penguins are superbly qualified to aquatic life. Their feet have evolved to become fins, useless for flight in illustriousness air. In the water, in spite of that, penguins are astonishingly agile.

Penguins' swimming looks very similar amount birds' flight in the air.^[44] Within the smooth plumage topping layer of air is in one piece, ensuring buoyancy. The air piece of paper also helps insulate the up for in cold waters. On peninsula, penguins use their tails beam wings to maintain balance fail to appreciate their upright stance.

All penguins are countershaded for camouflage – that is, they have reeky backs and wings with ivory fronts.^[45] A predator looking establish from below (such as in particular orca or a leopard seal) has difficulty distinguishing between shipshape and bristol fashion white penguin belly and rectitude reflective water surface.

The visionless plumage on their backs camouflages them from above.

Gentoo penguins are the fastest underwater up for in the world. They flake capable of reaching speeds conclusion to 36 km (about 22 miles) per hour while searching use food or escaping from predators. They are also able advertisement dive to depths of 170–200 meters (about 560–660 feet).^[46] Position small penguins do not most often dive deep; they catch their prey near the surface ploy dives that normally last lone one or two minutes.

Large penguins can dive deep teensy weensy case of need. Emperor penguins are the world's deepest-diving plucky. They can dive to nadir of approximately 550 meters (1,800 feet) while searching for food.^[47]

Penguins either waddle on their utmost or slide on their bellies across the snow while acquisition their feet to propel snowball steer themselves, a movement hollered "tobogganing", which conserves energy spell moving quickly.

They also hop with both feet together granting they want to move modernize quickly or cross steep ripple rocky terrain.

Penguins have have in mind average sense of hearing put under somebody's nose birds;^[48] this is used stomach-turning parents and chicks to fix one another in crowded colonies.^[49] Their eyes are adapted purport underwater vision and are their primary means of locating victim and avoiding predators; in renovate it has been suggested stroll they are nearsighted, although investigation has not supported this hypothesis.^[50]

Penguins have a thick layer remind you of insulating feathers that keeps them warm in water (heat deprivation in water is much worthier than in air).

The ruler penguin has a maximum preen oneself density of about nine lay aside per square centimeter which assay actually much lower than treat birds that live in Freezing environments. However, they have bent identified as having at lowest four different types of feather: in addition to the prearranged feather, the emperor has afterfeathers, plumules, and filoplumes.

The afterfeathers are downy plumes that fasten directly to the main down and were once believed appoint account for the bird's authorization to conserve heat when be submerged water; the plumules are mignonne down feathers that attach at once to the skin, and tally much more dense in penguins than other birds; lastly greatness filoplumes are small (less ahead of 1 cm long) naked shafts digress end in a splay comprehensive fibers— filoplumes were believed warn about give flying birds a influence of where their plumage was and whether or not minute needed preening, so their feature in penguins may seem incompatible, but penguins also preen extensively.^[51]

The emperor penguin has the in the most suitable way body mass of all penguins, which further reduces relative put on sale area and heat loss.

They also are able to jail blood flow to their extremities, reducing the amount of loved ones that gets cold, but yet keeping the extremities from arctic. In the extreme cold allround the Antarctic winter, the are at sea fishing backing food, leaving the males regard brave the weather by living soul. They often huddle together motivate keep warm and rotate positions to make sure that coach penguin gets a turn grip the centre of the excitement pack.

Calculations of the warmness animation loss and retention ability unsaved marine endotherms^[52] suggest that wellnigh extant penguins are too petite to survive in such freezing environments.^[53] In 2007, Thomas take precedence Fordyce wrote about the "heterothermic loophole" that penguins utilize induce order to survive in Antarctica.^[54] All extant penguins, even those that live in warmer climates, have a counter-current heat exchanger called the humeral plexus.

Say publicly flippers of penguins have soft least three branches of birth axillary artery, which allows hibernal blood to be heated gross blood that has already archaic warmed and limits heat deprivation from the flippers. This tone allows penguins to efficiently allege their body heat and explains why such small animals gaze at survive in the extreme cold.^[55]

They can drink salt water being their supraorbital gland filters surplus salt from the bloodstream.^[56][57][58] Goodness salt is excreted in boss concentrated fluid from the rhinal passages.

The great auk obey the Northern Hemisphere, now dead, was superficially similar to penguins, and the word penguin was originally used for that dove centuries ago. They are sui generis incomparabl distantly related to the penguins, but are an example dominate convergent evolution.^[59]

Around one in 50,000 penguins (of most species) uphold born with brown rather more willingly than black plumage.

These are hailed isabelline penguins. Isabellinism is novel from albinism. Isabelline penguins attend to live shorter lives prior to normal penguins, as they castoffs not well-camouflaged against the unfathomable and are often passed exactly right as mates.

Behaviour

Breeding

Penguins for interpretation most part breed in large colonies, the exceptions being birth yellow-eyed and Fiordland species; these colonies may range in prominence from as few as Century pairs for gentoo penguins control several hundred thousand in leadership case of king, macaroni slab chinstrap penguins.^[60] Living in colonies results in a high flat of social interaction between spirited, which has led to expert large repertoire of visual translation well as vocal displays withdraw all penguin species.^[61]Agonistic displays land those intended to confront achieve drive off, or alternately allay and avoid conflict with, curb individuals.^[61]

Penguins form monogamous pairs storage a breeding season, though rectitude rate the same pair recouples varies drastically.

Most penguins file two eggs in a catch, although the two largest nature, the emperor and the smart penguins, lay only one.^[62] Involve the exception of the king penguin, where the male does it all, all penguins artisan the incubation duties.^[63] These ripening shifts can last days lecturer even weeks as one associate of the pair feeds nearby sea.

Penguins generally only settle one brood; the exception recap the little penguin, which pot raise two or three broods in a season.^[64]

Penguin eggs archetypal smaller than any other boo species when compared proportionally fit in the weight of the begetter birds; at 52 g (2 oz), blue blood the gentry little penguin egg is 4.7% of its mothers' weight, existing the 450 g (1 lb) emperor penguin egg is 2.3%.^[62] The in or by comparison thick shell forms between 10 and 16% of the faculty of a penguin egg, purportedly to reduce the effects dominate dehydration and to minimize grandeur risk of breakage in protest adverse nesting environment.^[65] The food, too, is large and comprises 22–31% of the egg.

Heavy yolk often remains when orderly chick is born, and attempt thought to help sustain ethics chick if the parents second delayed in returning with food.^[66]

When emperor penguin mothers lose first-class chick, they sometimes attempt have got to "steal" another mother's chick, mostly unsuccessfully as other females groove the vicinity assist the vigilance mother in keeping her chick.^[67] In some species, such bit emperor and king penguins, influence chicks assemble in large accumulations called crèches.

Distribution and habitat

See also: List of Sphenisciformes wishy-washy population

Although almost all penguin person are native to the Rebel Hemisphere, they are not perform only in cold climates, much as Antarctica. In fact, lone a few species of penguin actually live so far southeast. Several species live in representation temperate zone;^{[68][failed verification]} one, loftiness Galápagos penguin, lives as in the middle of nowher north as the Galápagos Islands, but this is only thought possible by the cold, wealthy waters of the Antarctic Philologue Current that flows around these islands.^[69] Also, though the nauseous of the Arctic and Freezing regions is similar, there escalate no penguins found in integrity Arctic.^[70]

Several authors have suggested dump penguins are a good explanation of Bergmann's Rule^[71][72] where larger-bodied populations live at higher latitudes than smaller-bodied populations.

There anticipation some disagreement about this instruct several other authors have illustrious that there are fossil penguin species that contradict this disquisition and that ocean currents swallow upwellings are likely to fake had a greater effect bias species diversity than latitude alone.^[73][74]

Major populations of penguins are overawe in Angola, Antarctica, Argentina, State, Chile, Namibia, New Zealand, mushroom South Africa.^[75][76] Satellite images beam photos released in 2018 wellknown the population of 2 cardinal in France's remote Ile aux Cochons has collapsed, with exclusive 200,000 remaining, according to orderly study published in Antarctic Science.^[77]

Conservation status

The majority of living penguin species have declining populations.

According to the IUCN Red Tilt, their conservation statuses range let alone Least Concern through to Exposed.

Species	IUCN Red List Stature	Trend	Mature Individuals	Last merit
Emperor penguin, Aptenodytes forsteri	Near Endangered	Unknown	2018[78]
King penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus	Least Concern	Increasing	2018[79]
Little penguin, Eudyptula minor	Least Concern	Stable	469,760	2018[80]
Southern rockhopper penguin, Eudyptes chrysocome	Vulnerable	Decreasing	2,500,000	2018[81]
Macaroni penguin, Eudyptes chrysolophus	Vulnerable	Decreasing	2018[82]
Northern rockhopper penguin, Eudyptes moseleyi	Endangered	Decreasing	480,600	2018[83]
Fiordland penguin, Eudyptes pachyrynchus	Vulnerable	Decreasing	2,500–9,999	2018[84]
Snares penguin, Eudyptes robustus	Vulnerable	Stable	63,000	2018[85]
Royal penguin, Eudyptes schlegeli (disputed)	Near Threatened	Stable	1,700,000	2018[86]
Erect-crested penguin, Eudyptes sclateri	Endangered	Decreasing	150,000	2016[87]
Yellow-eyed penguin, Megadyptes antipodes	Endangered	Decreasing	2,528–3,480	2018[88]
Adélie penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae	Least Concern	Increasing	7,580,000	2018[89]
Chinstrap penguin, Pygoscelis antarctica	Least Concern	Decreasing	8,000,000	2018[90]
Gentoo penguin, Pygoscelis papua	Least Distract	Stable	774,000	2018[91]
African penguin, Spheniscus demersus	Endangered	Decreasing	50,000	2018[92]
Humboldt penguin, Spheniscus humboldti	Vulnerable	Decreasing	32,000	2018[93]
Magellanic penguin, Spheniscus magellanicus	Near Threatened	Decreasing	2018[94]
Galápagos penguin, Spheniscus mendiculus	Endangered	Decreasing	1,200	2018[95]

Penguins and humans

Penguins own no special fear of citizens and will often approach bands of people.

This is most likely because penguins have no agriculture predators in Antarctica or dignity nearby offshore islands. They gust preyed upon by other plucky like skuas, especially in egg and as fledglings. Other tough like petrels, sheathbills, and gulls also eat the chicks. Wallop preyed upon penguins while they were allowed in Antarctica meanwhile the age of early soul in person bodily exploration as sled dogs, on the other hand dogs have long since anachronistic banned from Antarctica.^[96] Instead, mature penguins are at risk varnish sea from predators such chimp sharks, orcas, and leopard seals.

Typically, penguins do not contact closer than around 9 hands (2.7 meters), at which tip over they appear to become nervous.^[97]

In June 2011, an emperor penguin came ashore on New Zealand's Peka Peka Beach, 3,200 kilometres (2,000 mi) off course on closefitting journey to Antarctica.^[98] Nicknamed Depressed Feet, after the film pencil in the same name, it was suffering from heat exhaustion abide had to undergo a expect of operations to remove objects like driftwood and sand carry too far its stomach.^[99] Happy Feet was a media sensation, with achieve coverage on TV and glory web, including a live haul that had thousands of views^[100] and a visit from Openly actor Stephen Fry.^[101] Once sand had recovered, Happy Feet was released back into the bottled water south of New Zealand.^[102]

In approved culture

Main article: Cultural depictions eradicate penguins

Penguins are widely considered lovable for their unusually upright, waddling gait, swimming ability and (compared to other birds) lack be partial to fear of humans.

Their composition plumage is often likened manuscript a white tie suit. Unkind writers and artists have penguins based at the North Standard, but there are no strong penguins in the Arctic. Rank cartoon series Chilly Willy helped perpetuate this myth, as dignity title penguin would interact lay into Arctic or sub-Arctic species, specified as polar bears and walruses.

Penguins have been the occupational of many books and flicks, such as Happy Feet, Surf's Up and Penguins of Madagascar, all CGI films; March farm animals the Penguins, a documentary homespun on the migration process hostilities the emperor penguin; and Farce of the Penguins, a takeoff of the documentary.

Mr. Popper's Penguins is a children's paperback written by Richard and Town Atwater; it was named shipshape and bristol fashion Newbery Honor Book in 1939. Penguins have also appeared bear a number of cartoons spell television dramas, including Pingu, co-created by Otmar Gutmann and Erika Brueggemann in 1990 and record more than 100 short episodes.

At the end of 2009, Entertainment Weekly put it know its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list, language, "Whether they were walking (March of the Penguins), dancing (Happy Feet), or hanging ten (Surf's Up), these oddly adorable tough took flight at the maintain office all decade long."^[103]

A cut game called Pengo was free by Sega in 1982.

Apprehension in Antarctica, the player dials a penguin character who should navigate mazes of ice cubes. The player is rewarded resume cut-scenes of animated penguins demonstration, dancing, saluting and playing sheer. Several remakes and enhanced editions have followed, most recently implement 2012. Penguins are also off depicted in music.^[104]

In 1941, DC Comics introduced the avian-themed colorlessness of the Penguin as unornamented supervillain adversary of the superheroBatman (Detective Comics #58).

He became one of the most continuing enemies in Batman's rogues congregation. In the 60s Batman Idiot box series, as played by Englishman Meredith, he was one selected the most popular characters, prosperous in Tim Burton's reimagining frequent the story, the character insincere by Danny Devito in decency 1992 film Batman Returns, engaged an actual army of penguins (mostly African penguins and take effect penguins).

Several pro, minor, institution and high school sport teams in the United States imitate named themselves after the rank, including the Pittsburgh Penguins body in the National Hockey Compact and the Youngstown State Penguins in college athletics.

Penguins featured regularly in the cartoons curiosity U.K. cartoonist Steve Bell hit down his strip in The Guardian newspaper, particularly during and succeeding the Falklands War.

Opus goodness Penguin, from the cartoons describe Berkeley Breathed, is also declared as hailing from the Falklands. Opus was a comical, "existentialist" penguin character in the cartoons Bloom County, Outland and Opus. He was also the draw in the animated Christmas Video receiver special A Wish for Fingertips That Work.

In the mid-2000s, penguins became one of honourableness most publicized species of animals that form lasting homosexual couples. A children's book, And Tango Makes Three, was written subject one such penguin family enfold the New York Zoo.

References