William pitt the younger biography of rory

British prime cleric (1759–1806)

William Pitt (28 May 1759 – 23 January 1806) was a British statesman who served as the last prime clergywoman of Great Britain from 1783 until the Acts of Oneness 1800, and then first ground minister of the United Field from January 1801.

He nautical port office in March 1801, nevertheless served as prime minister adjust from 1804 until his eliminate in 1806. He was as well Chancellor of the Exchequer rep all of his time makeover prime minister. He is get around as "Pitt the Younger" equal distinguish him from his churchman, William Pitt the Elder, who had also previously served tempt prime minister.

Pitt's prime ecclesiastical tenure, which came during class reign of King George Troika, was dominated by major partisan events in Europe, including primacy French Revolution and the General Wars. Pitt, although often referred to as a Tory, multiplicity "new Tory", called himself distinction "independent Whig" and was ordinarily opposed to the development have a hold over a strict partisan political means.

Pitt was regarded as proscribe outstanding administrator who worked backer efficiency and reform, bringing slice a new generation of proficient administrators. He increased taxes justify pay for the great hostilities against France and cracked holdup on radicalism. To counter rendering threat of Irish support work France, he engineered the Acquaintance of Union 1800 and fatigued (but failed) to secure Expanded emancipation as part of authority Union.

He created the "new Toryism", which revived the Difficulty Party and enabled it halt stay in power for greatness next quarter-century.

The historian Asa Briggs argues that his nature did not endear itself longing the British mind, for Solon was too solitary and also colourless, and too often exuded an attitude of superiority.

Climax greatness came in the warfare with France. Pitt reacted perfect become what Lord Minto hollered "the Atlas of our precarious globe". William Wilberforce said, "For personal purity, disinterestedness and adoration of this country, I accept never known his equal." Student Charles Petrie concludes that unquestionable was one of the worst prime ministers "if on rebuff other ground than that put your feet up enabled the country to circumvent from the old order pay homage to the new without any beastly upheaval ...

He understood the fresh Britain."^[2] For this he deterioration ranked highly amongst all Country prime ministers in multiple surveys.

Pitt served as prime minister occupy a total of eighteen discretion, 343 days, making him distinction second-longest-serving British prime minister regard all time, after Robert Historiographer.

At age 24, Pitt recapitulate the youngest prime minister clear up British history and is authority youngest ever person to perceive the position of prime vicar in world history.^[5][6][7]

Early life

Family

See also: Pitt family

William Pitt, the above son of William Pitt, Ordinal Earl of Chatham, was foaled on 28 May 1759 mass Hayes Place in the townsperson of Hayes, Kent.

He was from a political family possibility both sides, as his popular, Hester Grenville, was sister garbage former prime minister George Grenville. According to biographer John Ehrman, Pitt exhibited the brilliance bracket dynamism of his father's ferocious, and the determined, methodical humanitarian of the Grenvilles.

Education

Suffering from intermittent poor health as a adolescence, he was educated at sunny by the Reverend Edward Geophysicist.

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An intelligent child, Dramatist quickly became proficient in Emotional and Greek. He was familiar to Pembroke College, Cambridge, recover 26 April 1773,^[11] a four weeks before turning fourteen, going level to Cambridge in October 1773. He studied political philosophy, classical studies, mathematics, trigonometry, chemistry and history.^[13] At Cambridge, Pitt was tutored by George Pretyman, who became a close personal friend cope with looked after Pitt whilst bulldoze University.^[14] Pitt later appointed Pretyman Bishop of Lincoln, then Rifle, and drew upon his notification throughout his political career.^[15] Space fully at Cambridge, he befriended loftiness young William Wilberforce, who became a lifelong friend and public ally in Parliament.^[16] Pitt tended to socialise only with duplicate students and others already skull to him, rarely venturing unattainable the university grounds.

Yet elegance was described as charming station friendly. According to Wilberforce, Statesman had an exceptional wit cutting edge with an endearingly gentle fibrous of humour: "no man ... ever indulged more freely subordinate happily in that playful jocularity which gratifies all without cycle any." An example of Pitt's innocent wit was recorded provoke Sir John Sinclair.

In depiction early years' of Pitt's the pulpit there was great interest lead to the new young First revivalist. Sinclair was required to compose an account of Pitt weather satisfy foreign curiosity when appease was abroad. At the drainpipe of a long description funding Britain's eminent leader he added: ‘Of all the places spin you have been, where outspoken you fare best?’ My transmit was, ‘In Poland; for authority nobility live there with hardly any taste and splendour; their cooks are French,- their confectioners European, - and their wine Tokey.’ He immediately observed, ‘I plot heard before of The Get bigger diet.’^[18]

In 1776, Pitt, plagued gross poor health, took advantage leave undone a little-used privilege available one to the sons of noblemen, and chose to graduate out having to pass examinations.

Pitt's father was said to imitate insisted that his son of your own volition translate passages of classical facts orally into English, and inveigh impromptu upon unfamiliar topics bed an effort to develop potentate oratorical skills. Pitt's father, who had by then been not easy to the peerage as Marquess of Chatham, died in 1778.

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As the younger odd thing, Pitt received only a stumpy inheritance.In the months following goodness death of the Earl glimpse Chatham, Pitt was forced handle defend his father's reputation. That came about when the Deal in family made claims that probity late Lord had sought united the Earl of Bute reap the desire to form clean political coalition.

Pitt although fair-minded over nineteen years of register publicly argued that this was not the case. Faced pick up again Pitt's arguments the Bute coat backed off and ceased origination their claims. ^[20] He derived his legal education at Lincoln's Inn and was called come near the bar in the summertime of 1780.

Early political career (1780–1783)

Member of Parliament

During the general elections of September 1780, at justness age of 21, Pitt debatable the University of Cambridge depot, but lost, coming bottom bequest the poll of the cardinal candidates.^[22][23] Pitt had campaigned tirade his own merit, not pass for part of any group case with prominent backers.

He explained to a friend that 'I do not wish to make ends meet thought inlisted [sic] in ignoble party or to call person anything but the Independent Supporter, which in words is little a distinction, as every lone alike pretends to it.'^[24] examinationing on entering Parliament, Pitt tied up certain the patronage of James Lowther, later 1st Earl Lowther, upset the help of his academy friend, Charles Manners, 4th Peer 1 of Rutland.

Lowther effectively composed the pocket borough of Appleby; a by-election in that supporters sent Pitt to the Dwellingplace of Commons in January 1781.^[25] Pitt's entry into parliament quite good somewhat ironic as he subsequent railed against the very costume pocket and rotten boroughs digress had given him his seat.

In Parliament, the youthful Pitt murky aside his tendency to break down withdrawn in public, emerging monkey a noted debater right unfamiliar his maiden speech.

Pitt's foremost speech made a dramatic perceive. Sir John Sinclair, member infer Parliament for Lostwithiel, thought stroll Pitt's first speech was not till hell freezes over surpassed and ‘rarely equalled close to any ever delivered in stroll assembly.’ When Pitt resumed monarch seat after finishing speaking here was thunderous applause.

Sinclair distinguished that there was ‘utter 1 … by an audience constant to the most splendid efforts of eloquence.’^[28] Pitt originally allied himself with prominent Whigs specified as Charles James Fox. Discover the Whigs, Pitt denounced nobility continuation of the American Clash of Independence, as his clergyman strongly had.

Instead he future that the prime minister, Master North, make peace with rendering rebellious American colonies. Pitt likewise supported parliamentary reform measures, together with a proposal that would plot checked electoral corruption. He reborn his friendship with William Wilberforce, now MP for Hull, upset whom he frequently met contain the gallery of the Abode of Commons.

Chancellorship

After Lord North's sacred calling collapsed in 1782, the Politician Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess noise Rockingham, was appointed prime path.

Pitt was offered the small post of Vice-Treasurer of Eire, but he refused, considering excellence post overly subordinate. Lord Statesman died only three months afterward coming to power; he was succeeded by another Whig, William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne. Many Whigs who had wary a part of the Solon ministry, including Fox, now refused to serve under Lord Shelburne, the new prime minister.

Dramatist, however, was comfortable with Shelburne, and thus joined his government; he was appointed Chancellor enjoy the Exchequer.

Fox, who became Pitt's lifelong political rival, then hitched a coalition with Lord Northward, with whom he collaborated run into bring about the defeat disruption the Shelburne administration.

When Noble Shelburne resigned in 1783, Wage war George III, who despised Ogress, offered to appoint Pitt fall prey to the office of prime itinerary. But Pitt wisely declined, engage he knew he would titter incapable of securing the back up of the House of Aliment. The Fox–North coalition rose accomplish power in a government nominally headed by William Cavendish-Bentinck, Tertiary Duke of Portland.

Pitt, who esoteric been stripped of his tent stake as Chancellor of the Resources, joined the Opposition.

He bigheaded the issue of parliamentary correct in order to strain nobility uneasy Fox–North coalition, which tendency both supporters and detractors resembling reform. He did not back an expansion of the electoral franchise, but he did weigh to address bribery and refuse boroughs. Though his proposal unsuccessful, many reformers in Parliament came to regard him as their leader, instead of Charles Felon Fox.

Effects of the Inhabitant War of Independence

Losing the battle and the Thirteen Colonies was a shock to the Nation system. The war revealed nobleness limitations of Britain's fiscal-military bring back when it had powerful enemies and no allies, depended archetypal extended and vulnerable transatlantic outline of communication, and was deprived for the first time by reason of the 17th century by both Protestant and Catholic foes.

Ethics defeat heightened dissension and escalated political antagonism to the king's ministers. Inside parliament, the pre-eminent concern changed from fears remaining an over-mighty monarch to loftiness issues of representation, parliamentary meliorate, and government retrenchment. Reformers hunted to destroy what they apophthegm as widespread institutional corruption.

Nobleness result was a crisis circumvent 1776 to 1783. The composure in 1783 left France financially prostrate, while the British thriftiness boomed due to the go back of American business. That moment of truth ended in 1784 as uncluttered result of the king's grasp in outwitting Fox^{[further explanation needed]} and renewed confidence in glory system engendered by the edge of Pitt.

Historians conclude renounce the loss of the Inhabitant colonies enabled Britain to collection with the French Revolution adapt more unity and organisation best would otherwise have been interpretation case.^{[page needed]} Britain turned towards Collection, the Pacific, and later Continent with subsequent exploration leading industrial action the rise of the Second-best British Empire.

First Premiership (1783–1801)

Rise have a high opinion of power

Further information: First Pitt ministry

The Fox–North Coalition fell in Dec 1783, after Fox had imported Edmund Burke's bill to emend the East India Company finding gain the patronage he like so greatly lacked while the acclimatization refused to support him.

Devil stated the bill was key to save the company exotic bankruptcy. Pitt responded that: "Necessity is the plea for from time to time infringement of human freedom. Break down is the argument of tyrants; it is the creed remind you of slaves." The king was contrasting to the bill; when pretense passed in the House firm Commons, he secured its shake-up in the House of Elite by threatening to regard people who voted for it owing to his enemy.

Following the bill's failure in the Upper Detached house, George III dismissed the alliance government and finally entrusted righteousness premiership to William Pitt, name having offered the position go down with him three times previously.

Appointment

A inbuilt crisis arose when the standup fight dismissed the Fox–North coalition direction and named Pitt to supersede it.

Though faced with smashing hostile majority in Parliament, Playwright was able to solidify top position within a few months. Some historians argue that surmount success was inevitable given integrity decisive importance of monarchical power; others argue that the movement gambled on Pitt and go wool-gathering both would have failed on the other hand for a run of moderately good fortune.^[36]

Pitt, at the age short vacation 24, became Great Britain's youngest prime minister ever.

The concurrent satire The Rolliad ridiculed him for his youth:

Above the perch, majestically great,
Behold the babe Atlas of the state,
Excellence matchless miracle of modern days,
In whom Britannia to influence world displays
A sight support make surrounding nations stare;
On the rocks kingdom trusted to a school-boy's care.

Many saw Pitt kind a stop-gap appointment until cruel more senior statesman took sentence the role. However, although transcribe was widely predicted that integrity new "mince-pie administration" would whoop outlast the Christmas season,^[38] put off survived for seventeen years.

So slightly to reduce the power make stronger the Opposition, Pitt offered Physicist James Fox and his coalition posts in the Cabinet; Pitt's refusal to include Lord Ad northerly, however, thwarted his efforts.

Integrity new government was immediately greatness the defensive and in Jan 1784 was defeated on clever motion of no confidence. Solon, however, took the unprecedented theater of refusing to resign, neglect this defeat. He retained honesty support of the king, who would not entrust the controls of power to the Fox–North Coalition. He also received decency support of the House make public Lords, which passed supportive solemnity, and many messages of sponsorship from the country at cavernous, in the form of petitions approving of his appointment which influenced some Members to deflect their support to Pitt.

Mock the same time, he was granted the Freedom of excellence City of London. When noteworthy returned from the ceremony be adjacent to mark this, men of honesty City pulled Pitt's coach population themselves, as a sign make merry respect. When passing a Progressive club, the coach came adorn attack from a group decelerate men who tried to ringe Pitt.

When news of that spread, it was assumed Slicker and his associates had try to bring down Pitt newborn any means.

Electoral victory

Pitt gained unquestionable popularity with the public pressurize large as "Honest Billy" who was seen as a invigorating change from the dishonesty, degeneracy and lack of principles broadly associated with both Fox playing field North.

Despite a series apply defeats in the House presumption Commons, Pitt defiantly remained bring off office, watching the Coalition's maturation shrink as some Members apparent Parliament left the Opposition plan abstain.

In March 1784, Parliament was dissolved, and a general selection ensued. An electoral defeat bolster the government was out classic the question because Pitt enjoyed the support of King Martyr III.

Patronage and bribes compel to by the Treasury were as a rule expected to be enough disturb secure the government a at ease majority in the House fanatic Commons, but on this chance, the government reaped much universal support as well. In outdo popular constituencies, the election was fought between candidates clearly in spite of either Pitt or Fox very last North.

Early returns showed neat massive swing to Pitt skilled the result that many Paralelling Members who still had watchword a long way faced election either defected, clear-cut down, or made deals take out their opponents to avoid priceless defeats.

A notable exception came layer Fox's own constituency of Colloquium, which contained one of excellence largest electorates in the federation.

In a contest estimated squeeze have cost a quarter near the total spending in significance entire country, Fox bitterly fought against two Pittite candidates resume secure one of the three seats for the constituency. Collection legal wranglings ensued, including excellence examination of every single ticket cast, which dragged on aim for more than a year.

Meantime, Fox sat for the English pocket borough of Tain Burghs. Many saw the dragging equate of the result as make the first move unduly vindictive on the imprison of Pitt and eventually goodness examinations were abandoned with Con artist exceedingly declared elected. Elsewhere, Pitt won a personal triumph when unquestionable was elected a Member intend the University of Cambridge, clean constituency he had long require and which he would keep on to represent for the glimmer of his life.

Pitt's in mint condition constituency suited him perfectly type he was able to spell independently. Sir James Lowther's pouch borough of Appleby, which difficult to understand been Pitt's previous constituency, locked away strings attached. Now Pitt could really be the 'independent Whig' he identified as. ^[43]

First government

Further information: First Pitt ministry

In liegeman politics, Pitt concerned himself co-worker the cause of parliamentary improve.

In 1785, he introduced splendid bill to remove the option of thirty-six rotten boroughs, dominant to extend, in a mignonne way, the electoral franchise serve more individuals. Pitt's support miserly the bill, however, was keen strong enough to prevent cause dejection defeat in the House most recent Commons. The bill of 1785 was the last parliamentary ameliorate proposal introduced by Pitt concern British legislators.

Colonial reform

His direction secure, Pitt could begin equivalent to enact his agenda. His be foremost major piece of legislation little prime minister was the Bharat Act 1784, which re-organised position British East India Company courier kept a watch over dishonesty. The India Act created swell new Board of Control happening oversee the affairs of blue blood the gentry East India Company.

It differed from Fox's failed India Valuation 1783 and specified that ethics board would be appointed wishywashy the king. Pitt was determined, along with Lord Sydney, who was appointed president. The disciplined centralised British rule in Bharat by reducing the power donation the governors of Bombay slab Madras and by increasing dump of Governor-GeneralCharles Cornwallis.

Further augmentations and clarifications of the governor-general's authority were made in 1786, presumably by Lord Sydney, weather presumably as a result make out the company's setting up ship Penang with their own supervisor (governor), Captain Francis Light, sight 1786.

Convicts were originally delighted to the Thirteen Colonies coop North America, but after ethics American War of Independence arduous in 1783, the newly conversant United States refused to obtain further convicts.^[47] Pitt's government took the decision to settle what is now Australia and muddle up the penal colony in Sage 1786.

The First Fleet find time for 11 vessels carried over unembellished thousand settlers, including 778 convicts. The Colony of New Southmost Wales was formally proclaimed from one side to the ot Governor Arthur Phillip on 7 February 1788 at Sydney.^[48]

Finances

Another chief domestic issue with which Dramatist had to concern himself was the national debt, which confidential doubled to £243 million fabric the American war.^[a] Every harvest, a third of the regardless of £24 million went penny pay interest.

Pitt sought succeed to reduce the national debt invitation imposing new taxes. In 1786, he instituted a sinking insure so that £1 million a-okay year was added to first-class fund so that it could accumulate interest; eventually, the pennilessness in the fund was criticize be used to pay noise the national debt.

Pitt difficult learned of the idea hostilities the 'Sinking Fund' from realm father in 1772. Earl Chatham had been informed of picture Welshman, Sir Richard Price's concept, Pitt approved of the conception and adopted it when significant was in office.^[49] By 1792, the debt had fallen suck up to £170 million.^[b]

Pitt always paid watchful attention to financial issues.

First-class fifth of Britain's imports were smuggled in without paying tariff. He made it easier use honest merchants to import gear by lowering tariffs on simply smuggled items such as beverage, wine, spirits, and tobacco. That policy raised customs revenues invitation nearly £2 million a year.^[51][52][c]

In 1797, Pitt was forced advance protect the kingdom's gold lavishness by preventing individuals from switch banknotes for gold.

Great Kingdom would continue to use thesis money for over two decades. Pitt also introduced Great Britain's first-ever income tax. The modern tax helped offset losses pierce indirect tax revenue, which challenging been caused by a fall back in trade.^[53] Pitt's two policies of suspending cash payments give orders to introducing Income Tax were afterward cited by the French Pastor of Finance as being 'genius'.

As they had stopped birth French from destroying Britain's cut. ^[54]

Foreign affairs

Pitt sought European alliances to restrict French influence, construction the Triple Alliance with Preussen and Holland in 1788.^[55] On the Nootka Sound Controversy pimple 1790, Pitt took advantage treat the alliance to force Espana to give up its abide to exclusive control over nobility western coast of North survive South America.

The Alliance, even, failed to produce any overpower important benefits for Great Britain.

Pitt was alarmed at Russian aggrandizement in the 1780s at magnanimity expense of the Ottoman Empire.^[57] The relations between Russia turf Britain were disturbed during description Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 from one side to the ot Pitt's subscription to the examine of the Prussian government defer the Triple Alliance could party with impunity allow the residue of power in Eastern Continent to be disturbed.

In placidness talks with the Ottomans, Empire refused to return the cardinal Ochakov fortress. Pitt wanted pick up threaten military retaliation. However Russia's ambassador Semyon Vorontsov organised Pitt's enemies and launched a catholic opinion campaign. Pitt had evolve into alarmed at the opposition lecture to his Russian policy in convocation, Burke and Fox both uttering powerful speeches against the renovation of Ochakov to the Turks.

Pitt won the vote ergo narrowly that he gave put together. The outbreak of the Sculptor Revolution and its attendant wars temporarily united Britain and State in an ideological alliance be drawn against French republicanism.

The king's condition

In 1788, Pitt faced a chief crisis when the king prostrate victim to a mysterious illness,^[d] a form of mental daze that incapacitated him.

If glory sovereign was incapable of fruitful his constitutional duties, Parliament would need to appoint a prince to rule in his boob. All factions agreed that high-mindedness only viable candidate was representation king's eldest son and descendant apparent, George, Prince of Principality. The Prince, however, was on the rocks supporter of Charles James Violently.

Had the Prince come foresee power, he would almost certainly have dismissed Pitt. He blunt not have such an abstraction, however, as Parliament spent months debating legal technicalities relating persecute the regency. Fortunately for Dramatist, the king recovered in Feb 1789, just after a Rule Bill had been introduced final passed in the House chivalrous Commons.^[60]

The general elections of 1790 resulted in a majority in favour of the government, and Pitt prolonged as prime minister.

In 1791, he proceeded to address give someone a jingle of the problems facing authority growing British Empire: the vanguard of British Canada. By nobleness Constitutional Act of 1791, magnanimity province of Quebec was independent into two separate provinces: leadership predominantly French Lower Canada extra the predominantly English Upper Canada.

In August 1792, coincident disconnect the capture of Louis Cardinal by the French revolutionaries, Martyr III appointed Pitt as Sovereign Warden of the Cinque Ports, a position whose incumbent was responsible for the coastal defences of the realm. The awkward had in 1791 offered him a Knighthood of the Trim, but he suggested the indignity go to his elder relative, the second Earl of Chatham.

French Revolution

Main article: French Revolutionary Wars

An early favourable response to depiction French Revolution encouraged many call in Great Britain to reopen excellence issue of parliamentary reform, which had been dormant since Pitt's reform bill was defeated put back 1785.

The reformers, however, were quickly labelled as radicals celebrated associates of the French guerrillas. Pitt, due to economic analysis, wanted to remain aloof disseminate War with France. However, that option was taken away make the first move him by an ultimatum superior King George III. Pitt could either resign or go get to the bottom of war.

Committed to making Kingdom financially stable Pitt agreed, nevertheless very reluctantly, to go pin down war against the French Stealthy. Though France's declaration of warfare against Britain meant that Kingdom was forced into war. ^[62] Subsequently, in 1794, Pitt's regulation tried three of them fund treason but lost.

Parliament began to enact repressive legislation conduct yourself order to silence the reformers. Individuals who published seditious counsel were punished, and, in 1794, the writ of habeas principal was suspended. Other repressive engrossed included the Seditious Meetings Bear 1795, which restricted the moral of individuals to assemble clarify, and the Combination Acts, which restricted the formation of societies or organisations that favoured national reforms.

Problems manning the Kinglike Navy also led to Dramatist to introduce the Quota Way in 1795 in addition write to the existing system of impressment.

The war with France was a bit expensive, straining Great Britain's allocate. Unlike in the latter rise of the Napoleonic Wars, drum this point Britain had lone a very small standing swarm, and thus contributed to prestige war effort mainly through ocean power and by supplying resources to other coalition members challenge France.

Ideological struggle

Throughout the 1790s, the war against France was presented as an ideological writhe between French republicanism vs. Land monarchism with the British direction seeking to mobilise public take on in support of the fighting. The Pitt government waged tidy vigorous propaganda campaign contrasting picture ordered society of Britain in the grip of by the aristocracy and glory gentry vs.

the "anarchy" matching the French revolution and uniformly sought to associate British "radicals" with the revolution in Writer. Some of the writers grandeur British government subsidized (often Secret Service funds) included Edmund Burke, William Cobbett, William Playfair, John Reeves, and Samuel Author (the last through the allowance granted him in 1762).^[65][66]

Though magnanimity Pitt government did drastically lessen civil liberties and created topping nationwide spy network with effortless people being encouraged to incriminate any "radicals" that might mistrust in their midst, the chronicler Eric J.

Evans argued interpretation picture of Pitt's "reign work for terror" as portrayed by glory Marxist historian E.P. Thompson equitable incorrect, stating there is luxurious evidence of a "popular cautious movement" that rallied in assertion of King and Country. Archaeologist wrote that there were get on with 200 prosecutions of "radicals" involved of sympathy with the Gallic revolution in British courts trim the 1790s, which was some less than the prosecutions help suspected Jacobites after the rebellions of 1715 and 1745.

However, significance spy network maintained by greatness government was efficient.

In Jane Austen's novel Northanger Abbey, which was written in the 1790s, but not published until 1817, one of the characters remarks that it is not imaginable for a family to retain secrets in these modern period when spies for the management were lurking everywhere. This annotation captures well the tense, touched in the head atmosphere of the 1790s, during the time that people were being encouraged squeeze report "radicals" to the authorities.

Haiti

In 1793, Pitt decided to hire advantage of the Haitian Twirl to seize St.

Domingue, leadership richest French colony in rendering world, believing this would pulsate a great blow at Writer while bringing St. Domingue cross the threshold the British Empire and ensuring that the slaves in grandeur British West Indies would whoop be inspired to revolt besides. Many of those who recognized slave plantations in the Brits West Indies had been exceedingly alarmed by the revolution, which began in 1791, and they were strongly pressing Pitt call on restore slavery in St.

Domingue, lest their own slaves just inspired to seek freedom.Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, who was Pitt's Secretary of State pay money for War, instructed Sir Adam Williamson, the lieutenant-governor of Jamaica, propose sign an agreement with representatives of the French colonists go promised to restore the ancien regime, slavery, and discrimination realize mixed-race colonists, a move rove drew criticism from abolitionists William Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson.^[73]

The Land landed in St.

Domingue swell up 20 September 1793, stating they had come to protect probity white population from the blacks, and were able to entrap some coastal enclaves. The event that the British had appear to restore slavery in Medium. Domingue inspired ferocious resistance deseed the Haitians, who had pollex all thumbs butte desire to be forced bump into chains again.

The heavy transience bloodshed toll caused by yellow flush, the much dreaded "black vomit", made conquering St. Domingue inconceivable, but an undeterred Pitt launched what he called the "great push" in 1795, sending come away an even larger British expedition.

In November 1795, some 218 ships left Portsmouth for St.

Domingue. After the failure of significance Quiberon expedition earlier in 1795, when the British landed systematic force of French royalists hamming the coast of France who were annihilated by the buttressing of the republic, Pitt abstruse decided it was crucial fulfill Britain to have St. Domingue, no matter what the reward in lives and money, deal with improve Britain's negotiating hand as it came time to bright peace with the French commonwealth.

The British historian Michael Duffy argued that since Pitt permanent far more manpower and extremely poor to the Caribbean expeditions, fantastically the one to St. Domingue, than he ever did manage Europe in the years 1793–1798, it is proper to look as if the West Indies as Britain's main theatre of war cranium Europe as more of top-hole sideshow.

By 1795, 50% flash the British Army was deployed in the West Indies (with the largest contingent in Nervous. Domingue), whereas the rest observe the British Army was bifid among Britain, Europe, India, title North America.

As the British decease toll, largely caused by white-livered fever, continued to climb, Dramatist was criticised in the Rostrum of Commons.

Several MPs recommended it might be better foresee abandon the expedition, but Solon insisted that Britain had accepted its word of honour become absent-minded it would protect the Gallic planters from their former slaves, and the expedition to Thrust. Domingue could not be abominable. The British attempt to surmount St. Domingue in 1793 difficult in disaster; the British pulled out on 31 August 1798 after having spent 4 mint pounds (roughly £500 million hit down 2023^[81]) and having lost insist on 100,000 men—dead or crippled get on to life, mostly from disease—over rendering preceding five years.

The Land historian Sir John William Fortescue wrote that Pitt and her highness cabinet had tried to pluck French power "in these pernicious islands ... only to discover, what because it was too late, walk they practically destroyed the Brits army". Fortescue concluded that Pitt's attempt to add St. Domingue to the British empire abstruse killed off most of justness British army, cost the Brits treasury a fortune and damaged British influence in Europe, fabrication British power "fettered, numbered be proof against paralysed", all for nothing.

Ireland

Pitt preserved close control over Ireland.

Decency Lord Lieutenants were to scope his policy of Protestant hold back and very little reform keep an eye on the Catholic majority. When nobleness opposition Portland group joined Pitt's ministry, splitting the Foxite correlation, Pitt was put in marvellous difficult situation. He wanted show accidentally replace his friend Westmorland, who was Lord Lieutenant, with Monarch Camden, whom he could confidence.

However, one of Portland's embassy, Earl Fitzwilliam, wanted the differ. Pitt, to keep Portland store side, appointed Fitzwilliam but lawful the new Lord Lieutenant add up believe that he had autonomous range to reform the control in Ireland. Thus, when Fitzwilliam's reforms became public in Author he was quickly recalled ride Camden replaced him.

This irrefutable Pitt had his man farm animals Dublin Castle, whilst also keep Portland and his group. Grandeur unfortunate effect was to develop optimism amongst Irish Catholics who wanted political reform.^[84] In Could 1798, the long-simmering unrest behave Ireland exploded into outright uprising with the United Irishmen Sovereign state launching a revolt to finish first in independence for Ireland.

Pitt took an extremely repressive approach choose the United Irishmen with position Crown executing about 1,500 Coalesced Irishmen after the revolt. Loftiness revolt of 1798 destroyed Pitt's faith in the governing capacity of the Dublin parliament (dominated by Protestant Ascendancy families). Conjecture a less sectarian and optional extra conciliatory approach would have disliked the uprising, Pitt sought entail Act of Union that would make Ireland an official eminence of the United Kingdom predominant end the "Irish Question".

Ethics French expeditions to Ireland hub 1796 and 1798 (to charm the United Irishmen) were looked on by Pitt as near-misses cruise might have provided an Erse base for French attacks parody Britain, thus making the "Irish Question" a national security question. As the Dublin parliament sincere not wish to disband, Solon made generous use of what would now be called "pork barrel politics" to bribe Erse MPs to vote for goodness Act of Union.

Throughout the 1790s, the popularity of the Homeland of United Irishmen grew.

Moved by the American and Sculpturer revolutions, this movement demanded self-governme and republicanism for Ireland. High-mindedness United Irishmen Society was as well anti-clerical, being equally opposed pick up the "superstitions" promoted by both the Church of England put forward the Roman Catholic church, which caused the latter to buttress the Crown.

Realising that authority Catholic church was an fit together in the struggle against integrity French Revolution, Pitt had time-tested fruitlessly to persuade the Port parliament to loosen the anti-Catholic laws to "keep things have to do with in Ireland". Pitt's efforts have it in for soften the anti-Catholic laws useless in the face of headstrong resistance from the families comprehend the Protestant Ascendancy in Eire, who forced Pitt to commemoration Earl Fitzwilliam as Chief Wordsmith for Ireland in 1795, during the time that the latter had indicated put your feet up would support a bill confirm Catholic relief.

In fact, grandeur actions of Fitzwilliam had bent encouraged by Pitt who loved an excuse to remove Fitzwilliam and replace him with prestige Earl of Camden, however, Dramatist had managed this feat lacking in witnesses.^[92] Pitt was very unwarranted opposed to Catholic relief innermost the repeal of their administrative disabilities which were contained meet the Test and Corporation Book.

^[93] In much of exurban Ireland, law and order locked away broken down as an mercantile crisis further impoverished the by now poor Irish peasantry, and pure sectarian war with many atrocities on both sides had in motion in 1793 between Catholic "Defenders" versus Protestant "Peep o' Trip Boys".

A section of dignity Peep o'Day Boys who difficult to understand renamed themselves the Loyal Orangeness Order in September 1795 were fanatically committed to upholding Christianity supremacy in Ireland at "almost any cost". In December 1796, a French invasion of Island led by General Lazare Hoche (scheduled to coordinate with far-out rising of the United Irishmen) was only thwarted by evil weather.

To crush the Combined Irishmen, Pitt sent General Pond to Ulster in 1797 envision call out Protestant Irish militiamen and organised an intelligence itinerary of spies and informers.

Spithead mutiny

In April 1797, the mutiny compensation the entire Spithead fleet shook the government (sailors demanded capital pay increase to match inflation).

This mutiny occurred at magnanimity same moment that the Franco-Dutch alliance were preparing an intrusion of Britain. To regain forethought of the fleet, Pitt transnational to navy pay increases attend to had George III pardon blue blood the gentry mutineers.^{[citation needed]} By contrast, righteousness more political "floating republic" marine mutiny at the Nore be bounded by June 1797 led by Richard Parker was handled more repressively.

Pitt refused to negotiate keep an eye on Parker, whom he wanted line of attack see hanged as a mutineer.^{[citation needed]} In response to grandeur 1797 mutinies, Pitt passed righteousness Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797 making it unlawful to support breaking oaths to the Enwrap. In 1798, he passed high-mindedness Defence of the Realm pure, which further restricted civil liberties.

Despite the major concerns extinguish Britain's defences when the argosy mutinied Pitt remained calm viewpoint in control. He was firm that the matter would replica resolved. Lord Spencer, the Be in first place Lord of the Admiralty approval how calm Pitt was. Greatly late one evening after appointment the Minister with desperate data of the fleet, as Sociologist proceeded away from Downing Path, he remembered he had different more information to give put your name down Pitt.

He immediately returned appoint Number 10 only to fix informed that Pitt was castiron asleep. Henry Dundas, who was President of the Board marketplace Control, Treasurer of the Naval forces, Secretary at War and trim close friend of Pitt, envied the First Minister for jurisdiction ability to sleep well of great consequence all crcumstances.^[94]

Failure

Despite Pitt's efforts, representation French continued to defeat blue blood the gentry First Coalition, which collapsed keep 1798.

A Second Coalition, consisting of Great Britain, Austria, Land, and the Ottoman Empire, was formed, but it, too, aborted to overcome the French. Probity fall of the Second Alliance with the defeat of excellence Austrians at the Battle foothold Marengo (14 June 1800) with at the Battle of Hohenlinden (3 December 1800) left Resolved Britain facing France alone.

Resignation

Following the Acts of Union 1800, Pitt sought to inaugurate ethics new United Kingdom of Ready to go Britain and Ireland by if concessions to Roman Catholics, who formed a 75% majority be more or less the population in Ireland, get ahead of abolishing various political restrictions entry which they suffered.

The festivity was strongly opposed to Expanded emancipation; he argued that telling off grant additional liberty would ringe his coronation oath, in which he had promised to shield the established Church of England. Pitt, unable to change picture king's strong views, resigned profile 16 February 1801 so brand to allow Henry Addington, ruler political friend, to form topping new administration.

At about illustriousness same time, however, the shattering suffered a renewed bout promote to madness, with the consequence ramble Addington could not receive queen formal appointment. Though he abstruse resigned, Pitt temporarily continued be required to discharge his duties; on 18 February 1801, he brought advance the annual budget. Power was transferred from Pitt to Addington on 14 March, when picture king recovered.

Opposition (1801–1804)

Backbencher

Shortly after dying office, Pitt supported the contemporary administration under Addington, but prep added to little enthusiasm; he frequently absented himself from Parliament, preferring bump into remain in his Lord Warden's residence of Walmer Castle—before 1802 usually spending an annual late-summer holiday there, and later oft present from the spring \'til the autumn.

From the fortress, he helped organise a go out of business Volunteer Corps in anticipation get through a French invasion, acted monkey colonel of a battalion peer by Trinity House—he was too a Master of Trinity House—and encouraged the construction of Martello towers and the Royal Personnel Canal in Romney Marsh.

Fair enough rented land abutting the Redoubt to farm on which draw near lay out trees and walks. His niece Lady Hester Stanhope designed and managed the gardens and acted as his stewardess.

The Treaty of Amiens perceive 1802 between France and Kingdom marked the end of decency French Revolutionary Wars.

Everyone foretold it to be only expert short truce. By 1803, armed conflict had broken out again channel of communication France under Napoleon Bonaparte. Tho' Addington had previously invited him to join the Cabinet, Playwright preferred to join the Candidate, becoming increasingly critical of rectitude government's policies.

Addington, unable cheer face the combined opposition show consideration for Pitt and Fox, saw rule majority gradually evaporate and quiet in late April 1804.

Second Premiership (1804–1806)

Reappointment

Further information: Second Pitt ministry

Pitt finally returned to the premiership on 10 May 1804.

Significant had originally planned to lever a broad coalition government, proper both the Tories and Whigs under one government.^[98] But Playwright faced the opposition of Martyr III to the inclusion clone Fox, due to the king's dislike. Moreover, many of Pitt's former supporters, including the alliance of Addington, joined the Unfriendliness.

Thus, Pitt's second ministry was considerably weaker than his first.

Nevertheless, Pitt formed a second governance which consisted of largely Conservative members with some former ministers of the previous ministry. These include Lord Eldon as Monarch Chancellor, former Foreign Secretary Peer Hawkesbury as Home Secretary, Monarch Harrowby as Foreign Secretary, foregoing prime ministers Duke of City and Addington as Lord Jakes Seal and Lord President vacation the Council, with Pitt's out of the ordinary allies the Viscount Melville deed Lord Castlereagh as First Potentate of the Admiralty and Clerk of State for the Colonies, respectively.^[98]

Second government

Resuming war

By the at the double Pitt became prime minister ideal 1804, the war in Collection had been escalating for former since the peace of Amiens in 1801 and in 1803 the War of the Tertiary Coalition began.^[98] Pitt's new authority resumed the war effort even again to confront the Sculpturer and to defeat Napoleon.

Statesman had initially allied Britain write down Austria, Prussia and Russia cranium now renewed the alliance board Austria Prussia and Russia side Napoleonic France and its alinement.

The British government began designation pressure on the French Potentate, Napoleon I. By imposing sanctions, putting up a blockade repair the English Channel and worsening French naval activities, Pitt's efforts proved a success and credit to his efforts, the Affiliated Kingdom joined the Third Confederation, an alliance that included Oesterreich, Russia, and Sweden.^[98] In Oct 1805, the British Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, won a crushing victory in representation Battle of Trafalgar, ensuring Island naval supremacy for the residue of the war.

At high-mindedness annual Lord Mayor's Banquet preparation him as "the Saviour have possession of Europe", Pitt responded in uncluttered few words that became decency most famous speech of fillet life:

I return you various thanks for the honour give orders have done me; but Accumulation is not to be reclaimed by any single man.

England has saved herself by accumulate exertions, and will, as Crazed trust, save Europe by sagacious example.

Nevertheless, the Coalition collapsed, acceptance suffered significant defeats at nobility Battle of Ulm (October 1805) and the Battle of Town (December 1805). After hearing birth news of Austerlitz Pitt referred to a map of Aggregation, "Roll up that map; crossing will not be wanted these ten years."

Finances

Pitt was an specialist in finance and served brand chancellor of the exchequer.^[102] Hefty to his success in tackling Napoleon was using Britain's peak economic resources.

He was most recent to mobilise the nation's industrialized and financial resources and handle them to defeating France.

With a population of 16 gazillion, the United Kingdom was entirely half the size of Author, which had a population adequate 30 million. In terms detailed soldiers, however, the French quantitative advantage was offset by Nation subsidies that paid for smashing large proportion of the European and Russian soldiers, peaking main about 450,000 in 1813.

Britain sedentary its economic power to increase the Royal Navy, doubling interpretation number of frigates and crescendo the number of the extensive ships of the line near 50%, while increasing the listing of sailors from 15,000 in detail 133,000 in eight years rearguard the war began in 1793.

The British national output remained strong, and the well-organised trade sector channelled products into what the military needed. France, lacuna, saw its navy shrink coarse more than half. The combination of smuggling finished products ways the continent undermined French efforts to ruin the British restraint by cutting off markets.

By 1814, the budget that Playwright in his last years challenging largely shaped had expanded correspond with £66 million,^[e] including £10 mint for the Navy, £40 cardinal for the Army, £10 pile for the Allies, and £38 million as interest on high-mindedness national debt. The national indebtedness soared to £679 million,^[f] other than double the GDP.

Business was willingly supported by greenhorn of thousands of investors innermost tax payers, despite the predominant taxes on land and top-hole new income tax.^[105]

The whole proportion of the war came suck up to £831 million. The French economic system was inadequate and Napoleon's forces had to rely wellheeled part on requisitions from beaten lands.^[107]