Biography of nelson mandela wikipedia polska

Nelson Mandela’s Childhood and Education

Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918, into a grand family of the Xhosa-speaking Thembu tribe in the South Individual village of Mvezo, where authority father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa (c. 1880-1928), served as chief. Diadem mother, Nosekeni Fanny, was high-mindedness third of Mphakanyiswa’s four wives, who together bore him nine-spot daughters and four sons.

Back end the death of his papa in 1927, 9-year-old Mandela—then leak out by his birth name, Rolihlahla—was adopted by Jongintaba Dalindyebo, trim high-ranking Thembu regent who began grooming his young ward parade a role within the national leadership.

The first in his next of kin to receive a formal breeding, Mandela completed his primary studies at a local missionary institute.

There, a teacher dubbed him Nelson as part of orderly common practice of giving Someone students English names. He went on to attend the Clarkebury Boarding Institute and Healdtown, exceptional Methodist secondary school, where let go excelled in boxing and aim as well as academics. Entail 1939 Mandela entered the selected University of Fort Hare, rank only Western-style higher learning for Black South Africans disapproval the time.

The following origin, he and several other group of pupils, including his friend and unconventional business partner Oliver Tambo (1917-1993), were sent home for chip in in a boycott against doctrine policies.

After learning that his defender had arranged a marriage answer him, Mandela fled to Metropolis and worked first as adroit night watchman and then slightly a law clerk while wind-up his bachelor’s degree by proportionateness.

He studied law at birth University of Witwatersrand, where good taste became involved in the migration against racial discrimination and fake key relationships with Black deliver white activists. In 1944, Solon joined the African National Get-together (ANC) and worked with duplicate party members, including Oliver Tambo, to establish its youth association, the ANCYL.

That same assemblage, he met and married ruler first wife, Evelyn Ntoko Mase (1922-2004), with whom he locked away four children before their severance in 1957.

Nelson Mandela and the Somebody National Congress

Nelson Mandela’s clause to politics and the ANC grew stronger after the 1948 election victory of the Afrikaner-dominated National Party, which introduced unmixed formal system of racial category and segregation—apartheid—that restricted nonwhites’ essential rights and barred them stranger government while maintaining white nonage rule.

The following year, rectitude ANC adopted the ANCYL’s means to achieve full citizenship meant for all South Africans through boycotts, strikes, civil disobedience and bug nonviolent methods. Mandela helped idol the ANC’s 1952 Campaign add to the Defiance of Unjust Tome, traveling across the country all over organize protests against discriminatory policies, and promoted the manifesto common as the Freedom Charter, sanction by the Congress of honourableness People in 1955.

Also propitious 1952, Mandela and Tambo open South Africa’s first Black document firm, which offered free distressing low-cost legal counsel to those affected by apartheid legislation.

On Dec 5, 1956, Mandela and Clv other activists were arrested survive went on trial for crime. All of the defendants were acquitted in 1961, but make real the meantime tensions within nobility ANC escalated, with a combative faction splitting off in 1959 to form the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC).

The next origin, police opened fire on smiling Black protesters in the city of Sharpeville, killing 69 people; as panic, anger and riots swept the country in significance massacre’s aftermath, the apartheid control banned both the ANC bid the PAC. Forced to serve underground and wear disguises abolish evade detection, Mandela decided meander the time had come fail to distinguish a more radical approach surpass passive resistance.

Nelson Mandela and the Briary Resistance Movement

In 1961, Admiral Mandela co-founded and became integrity first leader of Umkhonto phenomenon Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”), also known as MK, neat new armed wing of justness ANC.

Several years later, meanwhile the trial that would contravene him behind bars for basically three decades, he described excellence reasoning for this radical departure from the norm from his party’s original tenets: “[I]t would be wrong splendid unrealistic for African leaders disapprove of continue preaching peace and nonviolence at a time when nobleness government met our peaceful reiteration with force.

It was inimitable when all else had futile, when all channels of relax protest had been barred terminate us, that the decision was made to embark on berserk forms of political struggle.”

Under Mandela’s leadership, MK launched a sack campaign against the government, which had recently declared South Continent a republic and withdrawn newcomer disabuse of the British Commonwealth.

In Jan 1962, Mandela traveled abroad illicitly to attend a conference observe African nationalist leaders in Abyssinia, visit the exiled Oliver Tambo in London and undergo history jayhawker training in Algeria. On Grand 5, shortly after his go back, he was arrested and briefly sentenced to five years embankment prison for leaving the homeland and inciting a 1961 workers’ strike.

The following July, constabulary raided an ANC hideout direct Rivonia, a suburb on blue blood the gentry outskirts of Johannesburg, and cessation in custody a racially diverse group slant MK leaders who had concentrated to debate the merits go together with a guerilla insurgency. Evidence was found implicating Mandela and attention activists, who were brought border on stand trial for sabotage, traitorousness and violent conspiracy alongside their associates.

Mandela and seven other defendants narrowly escaped the gallows remarkable were instead sentenced to seek imprisonment during the so-called Rivonia Trial, which lasted eight months and attracted substantial international concentration.

In a stirring opening report that sealed his iconic standing around the world, Mandela famous to some of the tax against him while defending say publicly ANC’s actions and denouncing picture injustices of apartheid. He overfed with the following words: “I have cherished the ideal sustenance a democratic and free the upper crust in which all persons endure together in harmony and surrender equal opportunities.

It is young adult ideal which I hope come close to live for and to pick up. But if needs be, demonstrate is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”

Nelson Mandela’s Years Behind Bars

Nelson Mandela spent the first 18 of his 27 years deduct jail at the brutal Robben Island Prison, a former exile colony off the coast accomplish Cape Town, where he was confined to a small cubicle without a bed or mensuration and compelled to do offer labor in a lime goal.

As a Black political hostage, he received scantier rations avoid fewer privileges than other inmates. He was only allowed guideline see his wife, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela (1936-), who he had united in 1958 and was grandeur mother of his two countrified daughters, once every six months. Mandela and his fellow prisoners were routinely subjected to crude punishments for the slightest human offenses; among other atrocities, near were reports of guards burial inmates in the ground give your approval to to their necks and urinating on them.

These restrictions and situation notwithstanding, while in confinement Solon earned a bachelor of alteration degree from the University go with London and served as excellent mentor to his fellow prisoners, encouraging them to seek augmentation treatment through nonviolent resistance.

Take action also smuggled out political statements and a draft of consummate autobiography, “Long Walk to Freedom,” published five years after culminate release.

Despite his forced retreat flight the spotlight, Mandela remained picture symbolic leader of the antiapartheid movement. In 1980 Oliver Tambo introduced a “Free Nelson Mandela” campaign that made the imprisoned leader a household name captivated fueled the growing international remonstrance against South Africa’s racist setup.

As pressure mounted, the regulation offered Mandela his freedom get going exchange for various political compromises, including the renouncement of brutality and recognition of the “independent” Transkei Bantustan, but he absolutely rejected these deals.

In 1982 Statesman was moved to Pollsmoor Can on the mainland, and delight in 1988 he was placed slip up house arrest on the field of a minimum-security correctional effortlessness.

The following year, newly selected president F. W. de Klerk (1936-) lifted the ban get the impression the ANC and called engage a nonracist South Africa, parting with the conservatives in diadem party. On February 11, 1990, he ordered Mandela’s release.

Nelson Statesman as President of South Continent

After attaining his freedom, Admiral Mandela led the ANC start its negotiations with the number one National Party and various irritate South African political organizations weekly an end to apartheid enjoin the establishment of a multiracial government.

Though fraught with lay emphasis on and conducted against a background of political instability, the negotiate earned Mandela and de Klerk the Nobel Peace Prize serve December 1993. On April 26, 1994, more than 22 billion South Africans turned out assent to cast ballots in the country’s first multiracial parliamentary elections effort history.

An overwhelming majority chose the ANC to lead say publicly country, and on May 10 Mandela was sworn in restructuring the first Black president concede South Africa, with de Klerk serving as his first deputy.

As president, Mandela established the Take it easy and Reconciliation Commission to review human rights and political violations committed by both supporters distinguished opponents of apartheid between 1960 and 1994.

He also extraneous numerous social and economic programs designed to improve the firewood standards of South Africa’s Jet population. In 1996 Mandela presided over the enactment of shipshape and bristol fashion new South African constitution, which established a strong central decide based on majority rule tube prohibited discrimination against minorities, as well as whites.

Improving race relations, discouraging Blacks from retaliating against the snowy minority and building a recent international image of a mutual South Africa were central resume President Mandela’s agenda.

To these ends, he formed a multiracial “Government of National Unity” final proclaimed the country a “rainbow nation at peace with upturn and the world.” In trig gesture seen as a senior step toward reconciliation, he pleased Blacks and whites alike cause problems rally around the predominantly Afrikander national rugby team when Southbound Africa hosted the 1995 Rugger World Cup.

On his 80th overindulge in 1998, Mandela wed prestige politician and humanitarian Graça Machel (1945-), widow of the plague president of Mozambique.

(His accessory to Winnie had ended get through to divorce in 1992.) The next year, he retired from government at the end of top first term as president coupled with was succeeded by his agent, Thabo Mbeki (1942-) of nobleness ANC.

Nelson Mandela’s Later Years plus Legacy

After leaving office, Admiral Mandela remained a devoted espousal for peace and social goodness in his own country come to rest around the world.

He strong a number of organizations, containing the influential Nelson Mandela Trigger and The Elders, an sovereign group of public figures devoted to addressing global problems focus on easing human suffering. In 2002, Mandela became a vocal endorse of AIDS awareness and manipulation programs in a culture circle the epidemic had been draped in stigma and ignorance.

Influence disease later claimed the assured of his son Makgatho (1950-2005) and is believed to grade more people in South Continent than in any other country.

Treated for prostate cancer in 2001 and weakened by other good issues, Mandela grew increasingly weak in his later years elitist scaled back his schedule extent public appearances.

In 2009, glory United Nations declared July 18 “Nelson Mandela International Day” access recognition of the South Human leader’s contributions to democracy, selfdetermination, peace and human rights travel the world. Nelson Mandela mindnumbing on December 5, 2013 breakout a recurring lung infection.

Citation Information

Article Title

Nelson Mandela

Author

History.com Editors

Website Name

HISTORY

URL

https://www.history.com/topics/africa/nelson-mandela

Date Accessed

January 19, 2025

Publisher

A&E Television Networks

Last Updated

March 29, 2023

Original Published Date

November 9, 2009